Impact des images naturelles sur la reproductibilité et les corrélations des dynamiques corticales laminaires dans le cortex visuel primaire du chat

The principle of efficient coding suggests that processing in the early visual system should be optimized and adapted to the environmental statistics. An intracellular study of the primary visual cortex (V1) in the anesthetized and paralyzed cat showed that the reliability of the neural response is optimized for natural statistics. Using the same natural and artificial stimuli, we recorded the neuronal population activity (single unit, multi-unit and local field potentials) in cat’s V1 with high-density linear silicon probes. We first investigated the reliability and of the mesoscopic signal with the intracellular signal and explored its laminar dependency. Our results showed that natural images evoke, at all scales, the most reliable response, suggesting that V1 is better suited to efficiently encode natural statistics. In addition, granular and infragranular layers displayed higher reliability levels than the supragranular one. This argues for a functional filtering of the pertinent information between these layers. We also explored which statistics of the natural images produce this reliable response. Finally, we specifically addressed the role of the correlations between neurons (within and between layers) by measuring the amount of shared variability and signal of the neuronal population in response to our stimulus set. We observed that natural images always evoked higher correlations. We did not observe a strong decorrelation at the single cell level but instead at the scale of groups of neurons, with those that are close together being more correlated and farther apart less correlated, arguing for a functional clustering of the neurons into coherent “neural mass”.Le principe de codage efficace suggère que le traitement des informations dans le système visuel primaire est optimisé et adapté aux statistiques de l’environnement. Une étude intracellulaire menée dans le cortex visuel primaire (V1) du chat anesthésié et paralysé a démontré que la reproductibilité des réponses neuronales est optimisée lorsque des statistiques naturelles sont présentées. En utilisant les mêmes stimuli artificiels et naturels, nous avons enregistré, à l’aide d’électrodes laminaires denses, l’activité neuronale (activité unitaire, multi-unitaire et potentiel de champ local) dans le cortex visuel primaire du chat. Dans un 1er temps, nous avons étudié la reproductibilité de l’activité neuronale et sa dépendance laminaire. Nos résultats démontrent que les images naturelles induisent toujours la réponse la plus reproductible, suggérant une optimisation de V1 dans le traitement des statistiques naturelles. De plus, nous avons montré que les couches 4 et 5/6 présentent des réponses plus reproductibles que la couche 2/3. Cela suggère qu’un « filtrage fonctionnel » des informations pertinentes se produit entre ces différents compartiments laminaires. Dans un 2nd temps nous avons étudié la corrélation de la réponse ou de la variabilité de la réponse de neurones situés dans une même couche ou dans des couches différentes. Les niveaux de corrélation sont les plus élevées lorsque les images naturelles sont présentées. De plus, les corrélations sont plus fortes au sein d’une même couche qu’entre deux couches. Cela suggère qu’un regroupement fonctionnel des neurones se produit afin d’optimiser l’encodage de l’information visuelle

Horizontal connectivity in V1: Prediction of coherence in contour and motion integration.

This study demonstrates the functional importance of the Surround context relayed laterally in V1 by the horizontal connectivity, in controlling the latency and the gain of the cortical response to the feedforward visual drive. We report here four main findings: 1) a centripetal apparent motion sequence results in a shortening of the spiking latency of V1 cells, when the orientation of the local inducer and the global motion axis are both co-aligned with the RF orientation preference; 2) this contextual effects grows with visual flow speed, peaking at 150-250°/s when it matches the propagation speed of horizontal connectivity (0.15-0.25 mm/ms); 3) For this speed range, the axial sensitivity of V1 cells is tilted by 90° to become co-aligned with the orientation preference axis; 4) the strength of modulation by the surround context correlates with the spatiotemporal coherence of the apparent motion flow. Our results suggest an internally-generated binding process, linking local (orientation /position) and global (motion/direction) features as early as V1. This long-range diffusion process constitutes a plausible substrate in V1 of the human psychophysical bias in speed estimation for collinear motion. Since it is demonstrated in the anesthetized cat, this novel form of contextual control of the cortical gain and phase is a built-in property in V1, whose expression does not require behavioral attention and top-down control from higher cortical areas. We propose that horizontal connectivity participates in the propagation of an internal "prediction" wave, shaped by visual experience, which links contour co-alignment and global axial motion at an apparent speed in the range of saccade-like eye movements

Multifaceted biological insights from a draft genome sequence of the tobacco hornworm moth, <i>Manduca sexta</i>

Manduca sexta, known as the tobacco hornworm or Carolina sphinx moth, is a lepidopteran insect that is used extensively as a model system for research in insect biochemistry, physiology, neurobiology, development, and immunity. One important benefit of this species as an experimental model is its extremely large size, reaching more than 10 g in the larval stage. M. sexta larvae feed on solanaceous plants and thus must tolerate a substantial challenge from plant allelochemicals, including nicotine. We report the sequence and annotation of the M. sexta genome, and a survey of gene expression in various tissues and developmental stages. The Msex_1.0 genome assembly resulted in a total genome size of 419.4 Mbp. Repetitive sequences accounted for 25.8% of the assembled genome. The official gene set is comprised of 15,451 protein-coding genes, of which 2498 were manually curated. Extensive RNA-seq data from many tissues and developmental stages were used to improve gene models and for insights into gene expression patterns. Genome wide synteny analysis indicated a high level of macrosynteny in the Lepidoptera. Annotation and analyses were carried out for gene families involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes, including apoptosis, vacuole sorting, growth and development, structures of exoskeleton, egg shells, and muscle, vision, chemosensation, ion channels, signal transduction, neuropeptide signaling, neurotransmitter synthesis and transport, nicotine tolerance, lipid metabolism, and immunity. This genome sequence, annotation, and analysis provide an important new resource from a well-studied model insect species and will facilitate further biochemical and mechanistic experimental studies of many biological systems in insects