8,724 research outputs found
Improved I-V characteristics of SiC MOSFETs by TCE thermal gate oxidation
The effects of TCE (trichloroethylene) thermal gate oxidation on the electrical characteristics of SiC MOSFETs are investigated. It is found that TCE thermal gate oxidation can improve the I d-V d characteristics, increase the field-effect mobility, and reduce the threshold voltage and sub-threshold slope of the devices. The better device characteristics are believed to be attributed to the TCE-induced reductions of charges in the gate oxide and traps at the SiO/SiO 2 interface, and also to the gettering of charged impurities and reduction of physical defects by the chlorine incorporated in the gate oxide. ©2005 IEEE.published_or_final_versio
Kinetics of thermal oxidation of 6H silicon carbide in oxygen plus trichloroethylene
In this work, the behaviors of the trichloroethylene (TCE) thermal oxidation of 6H silicon carbide (SiC) are investigated. The oxide growth of 6H SiC under different TCE concentrations (ratios of TCE to O2) follows the linear-parabolic oxidation law derived for silicon oxidation by Deal and Grove, J. Appl. Phys., 36 (1965). The oxidation rate with TCE is much higher than that without TCE and strongly depends on the TCE ratio in addition to oxidation temperature and oxidation time. The increase in oxidation rate induced by TCE is between 2.7 and 67% for a TCE ratio of 0.001-0.2 and a temperature of 1000-1150°C. Generally, the oxidation rate increases quickly with the TCE ratio for a TCE ratio less than 0.05 and then gradually saturates for a ratio larger than 0.05. The activation energy EB/A of the TCE oxidation for the TCE ratio range of 0.001-0.2 is 1.04-1.05 eV, which is a little larger than the 1.02 eV of dry oxidation. A two-step model for the TCE oxidation is also proposed to explain the experimental results. The model points out that in the SiC oxidation with TCE, the products (H2O and Cl2) of the reaction between TCE and O2 can speed up the oxidation, and hence, the oxidation rate is highly sensitive to the TCE ratio. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.published_or_final_versio
Global transcriptome analysis of AtPAP2--overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana with elevated ATP
BACKGROUND: AtPAP2 is a purple acid phosphatase that is targeted to both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Over-expression (OE) lines of AtPAP2 grew faster, produced more seeds, and contained higher leaf sucrose and glucose contents. The present study aimed to determine how high energy status affects leaf and root transcriptomes. RESULTS: ATP and ADP levels in the OE lines are 30-50% and 20-50% higher than in the wild-type (WT) plants. Global transcriptome analyses indicated that transcriptional regulation does play a role in sucrose and starch metabolism, nitrogen, potassium and iron uptake, amino acids and secondary metabolites metabolism when there is an ample supply of energy. While the transcript abundance of genes encoding protein components of photosystem I (PS I), photosystem II (PS II) and light harvesting complex I (LHCI) were unaltered, changes in transcript abundance for genes encoding proteins of LHCII are significant. The gene expressions of most enzymes of the Calvin cycle, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were unaltered, as these enzymes are known to be regulated by light/redox status or allosteric modulation by the products (e.g. citrate, ATP/ADP ratio), but not at the level of transcription. CONCLUSIONS: AtPAP2 overexpression resulted in a widespread reprogramming of the transcriptome in the transgenic plants, which is characterized by changes in the carbon, nitrogen, potassium, and iron metabolism. The fast-growing AtPAP2 OE lines provide an interesting tool for studying the regulation of energy system in plant.published_or_final_versio
Electron Spin Dephasing and Optical Pumping of Nuclear Spins in GaN
We have measured the donor-bound electron spin dynamics in cubic GaN by
time-resolved Kerr rotation experiments. The ensemble electron spin dephasing
time in this quantum dot like system characterized by a Bohr radius of 2.5 nm
is of the order of 1.5 ns as a result of the interaction with the fluctuating
nuclear spins. It increases drastically when an external magnetic field as
small as 10 mT is applied. We extract a dispersion of the nuclear hyperfine
field {\delta}Bn 4 mT, in agreement with calculations. We also
demonstrate for the first time in GaN based systems the optical pumping of
nuclear spin yielding the build-up of a significant nuclear polarization
Exact solution of new integrable nineteen-vertex models and quantum spin-1 chains
New exactly solvable nineteen vertex models and related quantum spin-1 chains
are solved. Partition functions, excitation energies, correlation lengths, and
critical exponents are calculated. It is argued that one of the non-critical
Hamiltonians is a realization of an integrable Haldane system. The finite-size
spectra of the critical Hamiltonians deviate in their structure from standard
predictions by conformal invariance.Comment: 16 pages, to appear in Z. Phys. B, preprint Cologne-94-474
Three geographically separate domestications of Asian rice
Domesticated rice (Oryza sativa L.) accompanied the dawn of Asian civilization(1) and has become one of world's staple crops. From archaeological and genetic evidence various contradictory scenarios for the origin of different varieties of cultivated rice have been proposed, the most recent based on a single domestication(2,3). By examining the footprints of selection in the genomes of different cultivated rice types, we show that there were three independent domestications in different parts of Asia. We identify wild populations in southern China and the Yangtze valley as the source of the japonica gene pool, and populations in Indochina and the Brahmaputra valley as the source of the indica gene pool. We reveal a hitherto unrecognized origin for the aus variety in central India or Bangladesh. We also conclude that aromatic rice is a result of a hybridization between japonica and aus, and that the tropical and temperate versions of japonica are later adaptations of one crop. Our conclusions are in accord with archaeological evidence that suggests widespread origins of rice cultivation(1,4). We therefore anticipate that our results will stimulate a more productive collaboration between genetic and archaeological studies of rice domestication, and guide utilization of genetic resources in breeding programmes aimed at crop improvement.European Research Council [339941]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
ONLINE FLOW-INJECTION COBALT-AMMONIUM PYRROLIDIN-1-YLDITHIOFORMATE COPRECIPITATION FOR PRECONCENTRATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF METALS IN WATERS WITH SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION BY INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY
The technique of on-line flow injection (FI) cobalt-ammonium pyrrolidin-1-yldithioformate (Co-APDC) coprecipitation for the preconcentration of trace amounts of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in rain water samples with simultaneous determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (KP-AES) has been developed. A precipitate collector system, consisting of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane on a polypropylene support filtering device combined with a 1.5 m reaction coil, was selected. An inorganic solution of concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was applied as the dissolution reagent. The technique is characterized by high retention efficiency (which ranged from 77 to 99% for the six elements of interest), good enrichment factors (ranging from 10 to 50 for 100 s preconcentration depending on the elements studied) and satisfactory accuracy and precision (recoveries from two standard additions to a rain sample ranged from 92 to 104%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.9 to 5%). The sample throughput is 20 per hour
Modelling of content-aware indicators for effective determination of shot boundaries in compressed MPEG videos
In this paper, a content-aware approach is proposed to design multiple test conditions for shot cut detection, which are organized into a multiple phase decision tree for abrupt cut detection and a finite state machine for dissolve detection. In comparison with existing approaches, our algorithm is characterized with two categories of content difference indicators and testing. While the first category indicates the content changes that are directly used for shot cut detection, the second category indicates the contexts under which the content change occurs. As a result, indications of frame differences are tested with context awareness to make the detection of shot cuts adaptive to both content and context changes. Evaluations announced by TRECVID 2007 indicate that our proposed algorithm achieved comparable performance to those using machine learning approaches, yet using a simpler feature set and straightforward design strategies. This has validated the effectiveness of modelling of content-aware indicators for decision making, which also provides a good alternative to conventional approaches in this topic
MicroRNA and messenger RNA profiling reveals new biomarkers and mechanisms for RDX induced neurotoxicity
Background
RDX is a well-known pollutant to induce neurotoxicity. MicroRNAs (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) profiles are useful tools for toxicogenomics studies. It is worthy to integrate MiRNA and mRNA expression data to understand RDX-induced neurotoxicity.
Results
Rats were treated with or without RDX for 48 h. Both miRNA and mRNA profiles were conducted using brain tissues. Nine miRNAs were significantly regulated by RDX. Of these, 6 and 3 miRNAs were up- and down-regulated respectively. The putative target genes of RDX-regulated miRNAs were highly nervous system function genes and pathways enriched. Fifteen differentially genes altered by RDX from mRNA profiles were the putative targets of regulated miRNAs. The induction of miR-71, miR-27ab, miR-98, and miR-135a expression by RDX, could reduce the expression of the genes POLE4, C5ORF13, SULF1 and ROCK2, and eventually induce neurotoxicity. Over-expression of miR-27ab, or reduction of the expression of unknown miRNAs by RDX, could up-regulate HMGCR expression and contribute to neurotoxicity. RDX regulated immune and inflammation response miRNAs and genes could contribute to RDX- induced neurotoxicity and other toxicities as well as animal defending reaction response to RDX exposure.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that integrating miRNA and mRNA profiles is valuable to indentify novel biomarkers and molecular mechanisms for RDX-induced neurological disorder and neurotoxicity.published_or_final_versio
Quantifying Inactive Lithium in Lithium Metal Batteries
Inactive lithium (Li) formation is the immediate cause of capacity loss and
catastrophic failure of Li metal batteries. However, the chemical component and
the atomic level structure of inactive Li have rarely been studied due to the
lack of effective diagnosis tools to accurately differentiate and quantify Li+
in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) components and the electrically isolated
unreacted metallic Li0, which together comprise the inactive Li. Here, by
introducing a new analytical method, Titration Gas Chromatography (TGC), we can
accurately quantify the contribution from metallic Li0 to the total amount of
inactive Li. We uncover that the Li0, rather than the electrochemically formed
SEI, dominates the inactive Li and capacity loss. Using cryogenic electron
microscopies to further study the microstructure and nanostructure of inactive
Li, we find that the Li0 is surrounded by insulating SEI, losing the electronic
conductive pathway to the bulk electrode. Coupling the measurements of the Li0
global content to observations of its local atomic structure, we reveal the
formation mechanism of inactive Li in different types of electrolytes, and
identify the true underlying cause of low Coulombic efficiency in Li metal
deposition and stripping. We ultimately propose strategies to enable the highly
efficient Li deposition and stripping to enable Li metal anode for next
generation high energy batteries
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