Towards the Methodology for the Reuse of Industrial Heritage in China

The theme of this dissertation is to reflect on the reuse methodology for the industrial heritage, through the analysis of different reuse ways used in the Chinese cities. A comparative perspective with typical methodologies and strategies used in Europe is barely sketched in order to illuminate the specificities of the Chinese situation. The discussion on the industrial heritage mainly focuses on the immovable tangible industrial heritage in modern and contemporary time (after 1860), including the industrial buildings and industrial sites. They are called Industrial Architecture Heritage, according to definition provided by the Architectural Society of China established in the Industrial Architecture Heritage Academic Committee (IAHAC), which is the first academic organization for industrial heritage preservation in China. The other types of industrial heritage, such as the industrial equipment, production technology and enterprise culture, are also significant and should not be ignored in the reuse. Based on the main question--what is the methodology for the reuse of industrial heritage in China--there are some sub-questions: What are the main characteristics of the industrial heritage in China? How can the industrial heritage be recognized and protected in China? What is the regulation for the industrial heritage in China? What are the operation mechanisms of current reuse approaches for the industrial heritage in China? What are the problems of the conventional reuse methodology in China? What can we learn from the management and reuse methodology in Europe? Where is the balance between preservation and transformation of industrial heritage in China? How is it possible to deal with the conflict between economic goals and the value enhancement of industrial heritage? The whole dissertation is divided into six chapters: (1) Identifying the Industrial Heritage in China: Dilemma and Opportunities; (2) Exploring the Reuse Ways of Industrial Heritage in China; (3) Industrial Heritage in the Context of Europe: Conceptual and Methodological Issues; (4) Methodology for the Reuse of Industrial Building --Case Study: 1933 Old Millfun, Shanghai; (5) Methodology for the Regeneration of Historic Area with Industrial Heritage--Case study: Tianzifang , Shanghai; (6) Distinguishing the Methodology for the Reuse of Industrial Heritage in China. Their first part has a brief review of the question of industrial heritage between demolition, protection and reuse under the background of distinctive situation in China. The Chinese definition of industrial heritage is discussed with the industrialization process and its particularity different from the western counterpart. Since the management and regulations of industrial heritage are under the cultural heritage protection system, therefore, it is inevitable to have a discuss on the cultural heritage in terms of conceptual dimension and the legal management system in order to explain the difficulty in the protection of industrial heritage. The second chapter focuses on the different reuse ways of industrial heritage in several Chinese cities. The main reason for such a regional perspective is that the practice of industrial heritage reuse has been largely a result of their unique industry development history accompanied by the uneven policies in protection and reuse. As a result, a total of five cities are selected in this part: two municipalities directly under the Central Government—Beijing and Shanghai, which are the biggest metropolis in China; another two cities in the eastern coastal region—Tianjin and Nanjing; and one city in the north-east region—Harbin, a typical city in China’s traditional industrial base. They all industrial cities and facing the problem of abandoned industrial buildings and facilities after the de-industrialization. By reading the different reuse ways and protection policies and implementation in these cities located in different regions, the big picture of industrial heritage reuse in China would be showed together. The main aim of the third chapter is to read the evolution of industrial heritage’s conceptual and methodology dimensions in the Europe context. The concepts of “industrial archeology”, “industrial heritage” and “industrial landscape” are discussed respectively. It could say that industrial heritage always plays a central role when the European countries are dealing with these industrial remains throughout the social and economic programs. Therefore, the innovation of methodologies and the diversification of strategies, including the “patrimonialization”, industrial heritage tourism, Ecomuseum and trans-border collaboration, are studied in order to give some useful experience for the conservation and reuse of industrial heritage in China In the fourth and fifth chapters, with the two case studies of 1933 old Millfun and Tianzifang area, the specific reuse methodology of industrial heritage is present in both architecture and urban level. In the first case, through the restoration and renovation from 2006 to 2008, the original abattoir is reused as spaces for creative industry, such as conference, exhibition, banquet and office. This study, including the historical research on the realization of architecture and the reuse methodology research, shows how the protected industrial heritage can be rehabilitated with the new uses. The aim of historical research is to reveal the original designs and construction process of architecture, such as the original function, original architectural space, original material and original technology, basing on architectural archives from Shanghai Municipal Archives. Meanwhile, through reading the drawings, interviewing the architects who design it and site investigation, the strategy and methodology used for 1933 old millfun are studied in details. In the second case of Tianzifang, the mixed industrial and residential area was transformed into art community and commercial space. The aim of this research is to explore that how did a decline historical block mingled with industrial and residential functions gradually become such a popular and vibrant place with community-initiated rehabilitation in the context of huge transform over the past twenty years. Through the literature review and fieldwork, the historical geography of this area and the transformation of this area are revealed. Then the particularities of Tianzifang’s dramatic regeneration process are identified in the aim of contributing industrial heritage in the rehabilitation of historic districts. The sixth chapter is trying to summarize the characters of the typical reuse modes, such as government-leading reuse, enterprise-leading, developer-leading and government-assisting reuse, “bottom-up” reuse, pointing out their operation mechanism and the existing problems. Finally, this study suggest the methodology for the reuse of industrial heritage by offering the protocols in investigation, assessment, feasibility study and design principles for reuse

Analyses of representative elementary volume for coal using X-ray μ-CT and FIB-SEM and its application in permeability predication model

We acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41872123; 41830427), the Petro China Innovation Foundation (2018D-5007-0101), the Key research and development project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2017B03019-1), the Royal Society Edinburgh through the international cost share scheme and National Natural Science Foundation China (NSFC 41711530129).Peer reviewedPostprin

Imaged based fractal characterization of micro-fracture structure in coal

We acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41830427; 41472137), the Petro China Innovation Foundation (2018D-5007-0101), the Key research and development project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2017B03019-1), the Royal Society Edinburgh and National Natural Science Foundation China (NSFC 41711530129), and the Foreign Experts’ Recruiting Program from the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs P.R. China.Peer reviewedPostprin

Size Distribution and Fractal Characteristics of Coal Pores through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Cryoporometry

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41602170), the Research Program for Excellent Doctoral Dissertation Supervisor of Beijing (grant no. YB20101141501), the Key Project of Coal-based Science and Technology in Shanxi Province-CBM accumulation model and reservoir evaluation in Shanxi province (grant no. MQ2014-01) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (grant no. 35832015136).Peer reviewedPostprin

Variation of adsorption effects in coals with different particle sizes induced by differences in microscopic adhesion

Acknowledgements This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41830427, 42130806 and 41922016), the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (grant no. 2-9-2021-067) and the 2021 Graduate Innovation Fund Project of China University of Geosciences, Beijing (grant no. ZD2021YC035). We are very grateful to the reviewers and editors for their valuable comments and suggestionsPeer reviewedPostprin

Evaporative Enrichment of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Lake Waters on the Tibetan Plateau

Stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) are useful tracers for investigating hydrologic and climatic variability on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Since the early isotopic studies on mountainous glaciers in the late 1960s, a great deal of information has been generated on the isotopic composition of rainfall, snow, ice, surface waters, and lake carbonate sediments across the Tibetan Plateau. However, measurements of δ18O and δD values of lake water are scarce. Here we present a new dataset of δ18O and δD values of lake waters collected from 27 lakes across the plateau during a reconnaissance survey in summer 2009. δ18O and δD values of lake water range from −19.9 to 6.6‰ and from −153 to −16‰, respectively. The average values of δ18O and δD are −6.4 and −72‰, considerably greater than those of precipitation observed in this region. The derived Tibetan lake water line, δD = 5.2δ18O − 38.9, is significantly different from the global meteoric water line. Most of the lakes, including some freshwater lakes, contain water with negative values of d-excess (d). There is a negative correlation between d and total dissolved solids (TDS). Each of these findings indicates that evaporation-induced isotopic enrichment prevails in Tibetan lakes. Moreover, we develop an isotope modeling scheme to calculate E/P ratios for Tibetan lakes, using a combination of existing isotopic fractionation equations and the Rayleigh distillation model. We use the intersection of the local evaporation line and GMWL as a first approximation of δ18O and δD values of lake water inputs to infer an E/P ratio for each lake. Our modeling calculations reveal that although variable from lake to lake, the water budget across the plateau is positive, with an average E/P of 0.52. This is in good agreement with other observational and model data that show varying degrees of increases in lake size from satellite imagery and significant decreases in lake salinity in many lakes on the plateau over the last several decades. Together with the new isotopic dataset, the proposed modeling framework can be used to examine and quantify past changes in a lake’s hydrologic balance from the isotopic record of downcore carbonate sediments in the region

Reprogrammable and reconfigurable mechanical computing metastructures with stable and high-density memory

Previous mechanical meta-structures used for mechanical memory storage, computing and information processing are severely constrained by low information density and/or non-robust structural stiffness to stably protect the maintained information. To address these challenges, we proposed a novel reprogrammable multifunctional mechanical metastructure made by an unprecedented building block based on kinematic mechanism. The proposed meta-structure can achieve all abovementioned functionalities accompanying with high information density and promising structural stability. We attribute all these merits to the intrinsic kinematic bifurcations of structural units, which enable the periodic meta-structure with additional and independently deformable bi-stable structural segments, and multi-layered deformed configurations to significantly enlarge the available information bits. We validate the stable information storage are originated from the compatible deformations of local structural segments before and after bifurcations. We illustrated the stored information can be feasibly reprogrammed by magnetic poles. Our design strategy paves new way for creating novel functional mechanical metastuctures

Ultra-fast self-assembly and stabilization of reactive nanoparticles in reduced graphene oxide films.

Nanoparticles hosted in conductive matrices are ubiquitous in electrochemical energy storage, catalysis and energetic devices. However, agglomeration and surface oxidation remain as two major challenges towards their ultimate utility, especially for highly reactive materials. Here we report uniformly distributed nanoparticles with diameters around 10 nm can be self-assembled within a reduced graphene oxide matrix in 10 ms. Microsized particles in reduced graphene oxide are Joule heated to high temperature (∼1,700 K) and rapidly quenched to preserve the resultant nano-architecture. A possible formation mechanism is that microsized particles melt under high temperature, are separated by defects in reduced graphene oxide and self-assemble into nanoparticles on cooling. The ultra-fast manufacturing approach can be applied to a wide range of materials, including aluminium, silicon, tin and so on. One unique application of this technique is the stabilization of aluminium nanoparticles in reduced graphene oxide film, which we demonstrate to have excellent performance as a switchable energetic material