Comparison of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for National Flags Classification

Each country in the world has its own combination of colors, shapes and symbols on their flags. Some of them use an animal figure such as an eagle, some use an object like a boat; some nations prefer religion figures such as a crescent, or a cross. Some questions yet remain and need an answer. What are the factors that determine the flag of a nation? What factors are affecting the color or colors of a national flag? And what are the reasons for existence of symbols on some national flags?In this paper, we worked an analysis on national flags and factors that mostly affects the design of them. In order to find out these factors, we have used feature extraction method, after that we used different machine learning algorithms to predict religion and landmass of the country. We also showed correlations of certain components that are possible to exist on a national flag such as dominant color or colors on a flag, bars or stripes, normal and sacred symbols such as sun, stars, crosses, crescents, and triangles and, finally some specific icons like a boat or an animal figure.This study shows the associations of some characteristics of countries or different nationalities. There are many affected factors and there are very close correlations between these factors. It also includes the classification of national flag data using Multilayer Perceptron, CART and C4.5 algorithms and comparison of these techniques based on accuracy and performance for classification of national flag’s features

Impact of credit risk (NPLs) and capital on liquidity risk of Malaysian banks

We investigate the relationship between bank liquidity risk and credit risk and the impact of bank capital on liquidity risk.Using 19 Malaysian commercial banks data over 2002-2011 and applying dynamic panel data GMM estimation after controlling for bank-specific and macroeconomic variables, empirical results document a positive relationship between liquidity and credit risk and a non-linear U-shaped relationship between bank capital and liquidity risk

Dokaz imunoreaktivnosti oreksina A u bubregu noja (Struthio camelus camelus).

Orexin-A (hypocretin-1), a neuropeptide, was originally shown to be specifically expressed in the hypothalamus. We studied the presence of orexin-A immunoreactivity in ostrich kidneys. Immunocytochemistry showed that orexin-A immunoreactivity was localized in the tubules of the ostrich kidneys. Immunoreactivity was found both in the renal cortex and the medulla. Immunostaining was mainly localized in the apical border and lumen of tubules.Neuropeptid oreksin-A (hypokretin-1) izvorno je bio dokazan u hipotalamusu. U ovom je radu njegova imunoreaktivnost istražena u bubregu noja. Imunohistokemijski je dokazana njegova imunoreaktivnost u bubrežnim tubulima. Dokazana je također u kori i srži bubrega. Aktivnost je pretežito bila lokalizirana u apikalnom području i lumenu bubrega

Dokaz imunoreaktivnosti oreksina A u bubregu noja (Struthio camelus camelus).

Orexin-A (hypocretin-1), a neuropeptide, was originally shown to be specifically expressed in the hypothalamus. We studied the presence of orexin-A immunoreactivity in ostrich kidneys. Immunocytochemistry showed that orexin-A immunoreactivity was localized in the tubules of the ostrich kidneys. Immunoreactivity was found both in the renal cortex and the medulla. Immunostaining was mainly localized in the apical border and lumen of tubules.Neuropeptid oreksin-A (hypokretin-1) izvorno je bio dokazan u hipotalamusu. U ovom je radu njegova imunoreaktivnost istražena u bubregu noja. Imunohistokemijski je dokazana njegova imunoreaktivnost u bubrežnim tubulima. Dokazana je također u kori i srži bubrega. Aktivnost je pretežito bila lokalizirana u apikalnom području i lumenu bubrega

Protective effect of sildenafil citrate on contralateral testis injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate prevention of contralateral testicular injury with sildenafil citrate after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion. METHODS: Thirty-seven adult male rats were divided into four groups: sham operated (group 1, n = 7), torsion/detorsion + saline (group 2, n = 10), torsion/detorsion + 0.7 mg of sildenafil citrate (group 3, n = 10) and torsion/detorsion + 1.4 mg of sildenafil citrate (group 4, n = 10). Unilateral testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720º in a clockwise direction for 2 h in other groups, except for group 1, which was served as sham group. After torsion (2 h) and detorsion (2 h) periods, rats were killed. RESULTS: The level of reduced glutathion (GSH) (

Protective effect of sildenafil citrate on contralateral testis injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate prevention of contralateral testicular injury with sildenafil citrate after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion. METHODS: Thirty-seven adult male rats were divided into four groups: sham operated (group 1, n = 7), torsion/detorsion + saline (group 2, n = 10), torsion/detorsion + 0.7 mg of sildenafil citrate (group 3, n = 10) and torsion/detorsion + 1.4 mg of sildenafil citrate (group 4, n = 10). Unilateral testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720º in a clockwise direction for 2 h in other groups, except for group 1, which was served as sham group. After torsion (2 h) and detorsion (2 h) periods, rats were killed. RESULTS: The level of reduced glutathion (GSH) (p<0.05) and the activities of catalase (p<0.01) and glutathione peroxidase (p<0.05) in the contralateral testis from group 2 were significantly lower and nitric oxide (NO) (p<0.05) level in the contralateral testis were significantly higher than those of group 1. Administration of low-dose sildenafil citrate (group 3) prevented the increases in malondialdehyde and NO levels and decreases in glutathione peroxidase activities and GSH values induced by testicular torsion. However, administration of high-dose sildenafil citrate (group 4) had no effect on these testicular parameters (p>0.05). Histopathological changes were detected in groups 2, 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that biochemically and histologically torsion/detorsion injury occurs in the contralateral testis following 2-h torsion and 2-h detorsion and that administration of low-dose sildenafil citrate before detorsion prevents ischemia/reperfusion cellular damage in testicular tissue

Efficacy of vitamin E and selenium for the prevention of intra-abdominal adhesions in rats: uterine horn models

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the efficacies of vitamin E and selenium, both individually and in combination, for the prevention of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions in rats. METHODS: Forty-seven female rats were divided into five groups. The sham animals (S group, n = 7) were given only laparotomies and intraperitoneally received 0.9% NaCl (2 ml). In the 40 other rats, abrasions of the left uterine horn were performed, followed by intraperitoneal administration of either 2 ml 0.9% NaCl (C group), 10 mg vitamin E (vitamin E group), 0.2 mg/kg selenium (Se group) or 10 mg vitamin E with 0.2 mg/kg selenium (vitamin E + Se group), with 10 animals in each treatment group. RESULTS: Adhesion formation was significantly reduced in animals in the Se and vitamin E + Se groups (p<0.05). Tissue catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities did not significantly differ between the groups. However, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and reduced glutathione levels were slightly increased in the vitamin E, Se and vitamin E + Se groups. In the vitamin E group, malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly lower than in the C group (p<0.05), but no significant differences were present among the S, C, Se and vitamin E + Se groups. Levels of nitric oxide were significantly higher in the C group than in the other groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Intraperitoneal administration of selenium or combined vitamin E and selenium appears to be effective in preventing intra-abdominal adhesion formation in rat models through the reduction of lipid peroxidation products