Determinants of pre-lacteal feeding practices in urban and rural Nigeria; a population-based cross-sectional study using the 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey data.

Background: Prelacteal feeding (PLF) is a barrier to exclusive breast feeding. Objective: To determine factors associated with PLF in rural and urban Nigeria. Methods: We utilized data from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to test for association between PLF and related factors. Results: Prevalence of PLF in urban Nigeria was 49.8%, while in rural Nigeria it was 66.4%. Sugar or glucose water was given more in urban Nigeria (9.7% vs 2.9%), plain water was given more in rural Nigeria (59.9% vs 40.8% ). The multivariate analysis revealed that urban and rural Nigeria shared similarities with respect to factors like mother\u2019s education, place of delivery, and size of child at birth being significant predictors of PLF. Mode of delivery and type of birth were significant predictors of PLF only in urban Nigeria, whereas, mother\u2019s age at birth was a significant predictor of PLF only in rural Nigeria. Zones also showed variations in the odds of PLF according to place of residence. Conclusion: Interventions aimed at decreasing PLF rate should be through a tailored approach, and should target at risk sub -groups based on place of residence

Genetic Modification of Plant Hormones Induced by Parasitic Nematodes, Virus, Viroid, Bacteria, and Phytoplasma in Plant Growing

Plant hormones, such as auxin, play crucial roles in many plant developmental processes, which is crosstalk with gibberellin and strigolactone. The roles of hormones may vary in the biosynthesis of metabolisms. During the pathogen attack, including plant-parasitic nematodes, viroid, phytoplasma, virus, and bacteria, plant hormones are involved in several plant processes. Ethylene (ET), salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) primarily regulate synergistically or antagonistically against pathogens. Those pathogens—nematodes, bacteria, viroid, phytoplasma, and viruses regulate several plant hormones for successful parasitism, influencing the phytohormone structure and modifying plant development. Several genes are related to plant hormones that are involved in pathogens parasitism. In this chapter, how pathogens affect plant hormones in plants growing are discussed

Host-Pathogen and Pest Interactions: Virus, Nematode, Viroid, Bacteria, and Pests in Tomato Cultivation

Several pathogens and pests damage tomato plants, and only one and/or more pathogens and pests can coexist in the same plant at the same time. As several numerous pathogens are found in the same plant, the damage to the tomato plants is higher. Pathogens such as nematodes, viruses, viroids, bacteria, and insects adversely affect the growth and development of tomato plants. They may infect roots or upper part of the plant and can cause not only slow down the growth of plants, but also crop losses and their death. Damaging of plant caused by pathogens and pests reduces the market value of plant products. Those pathogens and pests are also called biotic stress agents. The damage, mode of infection, and the mechanism of infection in each tomato plant and pathogens might be different. This situation is crucially important to understand plant pathogen relationship in detail in terms of controlling pests and pathogen. The effect of each pest/pathogen on tomato plants during the cultivation, the type of damage, and new developments and perspectives on morphological and molecular aspects in tomato-pathogen interactions will be discussed in this chapter

Effect Of Iron Supplementation During Infancy Period

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Relationship of lower breastfeeding score and problems in infancy

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Origin of the martensitic and austenitic phase transition in core-surface smart nanoparticles with size effects and hysteretic splitting

WOS: 000331645900085Blume-Emery-Griffiths model is used to study the effects of the bilinear and biquadratic exchange interactions as well as crystal field interaction on the magnetic properties of core-surface smart nanoparticles. From the minimization of the free energy in pair approximation in Kikuchi version, a set of equations for the bond variables and magnetization are derived. Based on the numerical solutions of these equations, magnetization and hysteresis curves are obtained. Besides the first-and second-order phase transitions, martensitic and austenitic phase regions are observed in the phase diagrams of homogeneous and composite nanoparticles and the origin of martensitic transitions (MT)-austenitic transitions (AT) is investigated. It is found that MT-AT occurred for a nonzero biquadratic exchange parameter. On the other hand, nonzero single-ion anisotropy caused the hysteretic splitting in core-surface type nanoparticles. Martensitic and austenitic results of nanoparticles agree with the experimental results in literature. (c) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

Spin-flop transition, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of alpha-Fe2O4 spinel type ferrite nanoparticles

WOS: 000321109500027We have prepared NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4, Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 spinel type ferrite nanoparticles by surfactant-assisted hydrothermal process using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The spin-flop transition, magnetic, dielectric and permittivity characterizations have been investigated. The spin-flop transition occurs from antiferromagnetic state to mixed state and then ferromagnetic state for Zn doped samples. The spin-flop transition occurs in the temperature range of 50-250 K. The ionic conduction, dipolar relaxation, atomic polarization and electronic polarization are the main mechanisms that contribute to the permittivity of a dielectric material. The permittivity increases with increasing frequency. This suggests a resonance behavior, which is expected when the ferrite samples are highly conductive and skin effect become significant. These samples will provide great benefits for electromagnetic applications and electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [112E044]The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Contract no. 112E044) for financial support of this study. We would like to thank Sahin Unluer of Nigde University for valuable discussions and the critical reading of the paper

Synthesis and investigation of small g-values for smart spinel ferrite nanoparticles

Smart spinel and hexagonal ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) have been fabricated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) assisted hydrothermal route by using NaOH solution. Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of the spinel and hexagonal ferrite NPs have been performed by a high sensitive conventional x.band (similar to 9.5-9.8 GHz) spectrometer at room temperature (RT). The measured five small g-values by ESR spectra at RT may be relevant for quantum information processing. Quantum computing and relativistic quantum computing by two-level system (qubit) have been realized by spinel type NPs at RT. Temperature evolution of magnetic hysteresis loops, magnetization, coercivity (H-C), saturation field (H-S), saturation magnetization (M-S) and remanent magnetization (M-r) have been investigated. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [112E044]; Scientific Research Projects Unitof Nigde UniversityOmer Halis Demir University [FEB2015/02-DOKTEP]The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Contract No. 112E044) and Scientific Research Projects Unitof Nigde University (Grant no. FEB2015/02-DOKTEP) for financial support of this study.WOS:0006382748000792-s2.0-8510206691

Comparison of acute bloody and watery diarrhea: a case control study.

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The phase diagrams with influence of biquadratic exchange coupling on martensitic-austenitic transformations for core-surface nanoparticles

WOS: 000354185600020Recently, origin of the martensite-austenite transitions in core-surface type magnetic nanoparticles has been investigated theoretically and it has been indicated that repulsive biquadratic exchange coupling (K < 0.0) causes the coexisting martensite and austenite phases. In the present paper, the phase diagrams of homogeneous and composite nanoparticles in the k(B)T/J(0)-D/J(0) plane are studied for the presence and absence of attractive biquadratic exchange interaction in addition to repulsive biquadratic exchange interaction. Significant changes in the phase diagram points are discussed in the presence of martensitic and austenitic transformations. Four regions in the phase diagrams are found as second-order, martensitic-austenitic, T-cid and first-order phase transition regimes. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Akdeniz University [2014.05.0115.011]RE acknowledges support from the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Akdeniz University, Project no.: 2014.05.0115.011