Short paper: Cheat Detection and Prevention in P2P MOGs

International audienceIn peer-to-peer games, cheaters can easily disrupt the game state computation and dissemination, perform illegal actions and unduly gain access to sensitive information. We propose AntiCheat - a cheat detection and prevention protocol following a mutual verification approach complemented with information exposure mitigation. It is based on a randomized dynamic proxy scheme for both the dissemination and verification of actions and further reduces the information exposed to players close to the minimum required to render the game. We build a proof-of-concept prototype on top of Quake III. Experimentations with up to 48 players show that opportunities to cheat can be significantly reduced, even in the presence of colluding cheaters, while keeping good performance

Brewers spent grain protein hydrolysate as a functional ingredient for muffins: antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sensory evaluation

This study assessed the fortification of muffins with 2, 4, and 6 % of brewer's spent grain protein hydrolysates to enhance their in vitro antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activities. In addition, oxidative stability, hardness, color and sensory properties of fortified muffins were investigated. The fortification of muffin formulations with 6 % hydrolysates increased antioxidant activity six times higher than that of the control sample. As the hydrolysate increased to 6 %, the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition also increased to 88 and 40 %, respectively. The 6 % fortified muffins exhibited lower peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values during a 14 day storage than the control muffins, while higher hydrolysate levels darkened the color and softened the texture. Sensory evaluation indicated that muffins with 2% hydrolysates achieved similar overall acceptance as the control. It can be concluded that brewer's spent grain hydrolysate is suitable for functional bakery products.Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Web-graph pre-compression for similarity based algorithms

The size of web-graph created from crawling the web is an issue for every search engine. The amount of data gathered by web crawlers makes it impossible to load the web-graph into memory which increases the number of I/O operations. Compression can help reduce run-time of web-graph processing algorithms. We introduce a new algorithm for compressing the link structure of the web graph by grouping similar pages together and building a smaller representation of the graph. The resulted graph has far less edges than the original and the similarity between adjacency lists of nodes is increased dramatically which makes it more suitable for graph compression algorithms. The characteristics of the resulted graph are similar to the original. We also ensure fast decompression of the compressed graph. Partial decompression of the web-graph is also possible. The result of the precompression can be loaded into memory and the increased similarity between adjacency nodes makes it suitable for further use of compression and web-algorithms

Deflections and Stresses of Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Clamped Plates under Transverse Loading

Closed-form solutions are not tractable for clamped composite plates due to the boundary conditions and anisotropy of the plate. In the present work, a method based on Lagrange multipliers is developed for the bending analysis of antisymmetric angle-ply clamped plates. The transverse shear flexibility is incorporated in the energy functional. Boundary conditions not satisfied by the assumed series are enforced using Lagrange multipliers. Results are presented to study the influence of shear deformation, anisotropy, aspect ratio and loadings on the deflections and stresses of clamped plates

AntReckoning: Dead Reckoning using Interest Modeling by Pheromones

International audienceIn games, the goals and interests of players are key factors in their behavior. However, techniques used by networked games to cope with infrequent updates and message loss, such as dead reckoning, estimate a player's movements based on previous observations only. The estimations are typically done using dynamics of motion, taking only inertia and external factors (e.g., gravity, wind) into account while completely ignoring the player's goals (e.g., chasing other players or collecting objects). This paper proposes AntReckoning: a dead reckoning algorithm, inspired from ant colonies, which models the players' interests to predict their movements. AntReckoning incorporates a player's interest in specific locations, objects, and avatars in the equations of motion in the form of attraction forces. In practice, these points of interest generate pheromones, which fade and spread in the game world, and are a source of attraction. Our simulations using mobility traces from World of Warcraft and Quake III show that AntReckoning improves the accuracy by up to 30% over traditional dead reckoning techniques

Interest modeling in games: the case of dead reckoning

In games, the goals and interests of players are key factors in their behavior. However, techniques used by networked games to cope with infrequent updates and message loss, such as dead reckoning, estimate a player's movements based mainly on previous observations. The estimations are typically made by using dynamics of motion, taking only inertia and some external factors (e.g., gravity, wind) into account while completely ignoring the player's goals (e.g., chasing other players or collecting objects). This paper proposes AntReckoning: a dead reckoning algorithm, inspired from ant colonies, which models the players' interests to predict their movements. AntReckoning incorporates a player's interest in specific locations, objects, and avatars in the equations of motion in the form of attraction forces. In practice, these points of interest generate pheromones, which spread and fade in the game world, and are a source of attraction. To motivate and validate our approach we collected traces from Quake III. We conducted specific experiments that demonstrate the effect of game-related goals, map features, objects, and other players on the mobility of avatars. Our simulations using traces from Quake III and World of Warcraft show that AntReckoning improves the accuracy by up to 44 % over traditional dead reckoning techniques and can decrease the upload bandwidth by up to 32 %

On the scalability and security of distributed multiplayer online games

Multiplayer Online Games (MOGs) are an extremely popular online technology, one that produces billions of dollars in revenues. Yet, providing scalable, fast, and cheat-resistant games is challenging. In this thesis we propose solutions to some of these challenges.The underlying architecture plays a crucial role in enabling the games to meet the scalability, response time, and low cost requirements that are of utmost importance in designing a successful massively multiplayer online game. Peer-to-peer architectures where the game runs exclusively on client machines, and hybrid approaches, where some tasks run on the clients while a central server controls other aspects, have, due to their distributed and collaborative nature, low infrastructure costs, and can achieve high scalability. They can also achieve fast response times by creating direct connections between players. However, they introduce their own challenges such as cheating. As one contribution of this thesis, we provide a comprehensive overview of current peer-to-peer and hybrid solutions for massively multiplayer games using a uniform terminology.Most of the solutions we studied fail to meet one of the following main requirements: (1) fast response time, (2) scalability, (3) cheat-resistance. This thesis makes several proposals that address these requirements: Watchmen, mobile security, AntReckoning, and AntAI.Watchmen is the first distributed scalable protocol designed with cheat detection and prevention in mind that supports fast paced games. It is based on a randomized dynamic proxy scheme for both the dissemination and verification of actions. We show that Watchmen, while scaling to hundreds of players and meeting the tight latency requirements of first person shooter games, is able to significantly reduce opportunities to cheat, even in the presence of collusion. In the context of cheating we also look at the fast rising genre of mobile games. We discuss existing and potential new avenues of cheating that can occur in such mobile environment, and suggest several solutions to improve security based on existing and novel services that are or can be offered by carriers, ecosystems, and developers.AntReckoning is a dead-reckoning algorithm, inspired from ant colonies, which models players' interests to predict their movements. It helps our architecture by allowing us to send updates at lower frequencies and with more accurate predictions which in turn improves the scalability and the quality of experience of the players. AntReckoning incorporates a player's interest in specific locations, objects, and avatars in the equations of motion in the form of attraction forces. In practice, these points of interest generate pheromones, which spread and fade in the game world, and are a source of attraction. AntReckoning greatly improves the accuracy of traditional dead reckoning techniques and can decrease the upload bandwidth by up to a third of overall traffic.Interest modeling can also be used to improve the performance of non-player characters in games. In our AntAI project, we detail how movements, interactions, use of items, and relying on static decision-making schemes result in markedly different behaviors from humans in a popular fist-person shooter game. From there, we propose a framework relying on our pheromone maps, which can lead to a more adaptive human-like behavior.Altogether, this thesis presents components that we believe are key elements for a scalable, cheat-resistant, and fast multiplayer online game architecture.Les jeux multijoueurs en ligne constituent à l’heure actuelle une technologie en ligne très populaire qui génère des milliards de dollars en revenus. En dépit de cela, offrir des jeux qui sont à la fois extensibles, rapides et résistants à la tricherie est toujours un défi. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des solutions à certains de ces défis.L’architecture sous-jacente joue un rôle crucial lorsque l’on souhaite développer des jeux qui rencontrent des contraintes d’extensibilité, de faible temps de réponse et de faible coût. Ces contraintes sont d’une importance capitale si l’on souhaite que le jeu massivement multijoueurs en ligne ainsi développé devienne un succès. Les architectures pair-à-pair, où le jeu s’exécute uniquement sur les machines des clients (joueurs), ainsi que les approches hybrides, où certaines tâches du jeu s’exécutent sur les machines des clients tandis qu’un serveur central gère d’autres aspects du jeu, permettent, de par leur nature distribuée et collaborative, d’atteindre une haute extensibilité tout en minimisant les coûts d’infrastructure. Ces architectures permettent également d’atteindre des temps de réponse élevés en établissant des connexions directes entre les joueurs. Cependant, elles introduisent également certains défis à résoudre tels que la possibilité de tricher. En tant que contribution à cette thèse, nous exposons une vue d’ensemble exhaustive des solutions pair-à-pair et hybrides courantes pour les jeux massivement multijoueurs en ligne utilisant une technologie uniforme.La plupart des solutions que nous avons étudié ne respectent pas l’une des exigences principales suivantes: (1) temps de réponse rapide, (2) extensibilité, (3) résistance à la tricherie. Cette thèse décrit les différents projets sur lesquels nous avons travaillé qui visent à mettre en oeuvre ces exigences: Watchmen, sécurité mobile (mobile security), AntReckoning et AntAI.Watchmen est le premier protocole extensible et distribué conçu spécifiquement pour la détection et la prévention de la tricherie qui prend en charge les jeux à rythme rapide (fast-paced). Ce protocole est basé sur un schéma d’assignation dynamique aléatoire de noeuds-relais (proxie) pour effectuer tant la dissémination que la vérification des actions. Nous démontrons que Watchmen est en mesure de réduire de manière significative les possibilités de tricherie, même en présence de collusion et ce, tout en prenant en charge des centaines de joueurs et en rencontrant les exigences strictes de latence imposées par les jeux de tirs à la première personne. Dans le contexte de la tricherie, nous nous attardons également aux jeux mobiles. Nous discutons des possibilités existantes et des nouvelles avenues potentielles de tricherie qui peuvent survenir dans des environnements mobiles et nous suggérons différentes solutions pour améliorer la sécurité. Ces solutions sont basées sur des services existants ou nouveaux qui sont ou qui pourrait être offerts par les opérateurs, écosystèmes et développeurs.AntReckonning est un algorithme de navigation à l’estime (dead-reckoning) inspiré des colonies de fourmis qui modèle les intérêts des joueurs pour prédire leurs mouvements. Ce modèle est bénéfique pour notre architecture puisqu’il nous permet de transmettre les mises à jour à des fréquences inférieures et avec des prédictions plus précises, ce qui permet d’améliorer l’extensibilité et la qualité de l’expérience des joueurs. AntReckoning incorpore l’intérêt des joueurs pour des emplacements, objets et avatars spécifiques au sein d’équations de mouvement en tant que forces d’attraction. En pratique, ces points d’intérêt génèrent des phéromones qui se diffusent et s’estompent dans le monde virtuel du jeu et qui sont des sources d’attraction. AntReckoning améliore de manière significative la précision des techniques de navigation à l’estime traditionnelles et peut réduire la bande passante de téléversement (upload) jusqu’à concurrence de un tiers du trafic total

Bending of Cross-Ply Laminated Clamped Plates Using Lagrange Multipliers

The application of the Lagrange multiplier method to the bending analysis of laminated cross-ply clamped plates is described. Transverse shear deformation effects are incorporated in the energy functional. Boundary conditions not satisfied by the assumed series expressions are enforced by Lagrange multipliers. A variety of results are presented for symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply plates with clamped boundary conditions to demonstrate the effect of anisotropy, plate geometry and span-to-depth ratios on the deflections. Closed form solutions are not tractable for laminated clamped plates and the results of the present methodology can be used as a reference for other approximate solutions