Tie-line modelling in interconnected synchrophasor network for monitoring grid observability, cyber intrusion and reliability

The incorporation of a tie-line between two areas may be beneficial in two ways. First, the reserve capacity of the assisting area support to the assisted area, and second, the number of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) requirements will become smaller for complete observability of the interconnected grid. The objective function is formulated to integrate the observability and reliability analysis for the two interconnected synchrophasor networks. The effect of Zero Injection Bus (ZIB) is included in the observability constraints to reduce the number of PMUs deployed in the system. The number of optimal PMU deployments will be greater for two interconnected systems in comparison with a single area. Therefore, interconnected systems become more vulnerable to cyber risk. The paper discusses the cumulative analysis of system observability and reliability during an anomaly situation that occurs with a PMU device due to a cyber-attack. The reliability indices Interconnected System Load Interruption Probability (ISLIP) and Interconnected System Demand Not Supplied (ISDNS) are evaluated when an anomaly occurs with optimally deployed PMU in the network by including and excluding the effect of ZIB. By doing so, the most reliable location for PMU deployment can be obtained for both the area. Reliability Test System (RTS)-24 bus is used for each area to modify the test system by incorporating tie-lines between them

Cyber-attack and reliability monitoring of the synchrophasor smart grid network

The recent advancement of synchrophasor measurements technology in the conventional power grid can monitor and control the state variables of the network very accurately at a high sampling rate in real-time. The complete observability of system states can be achieved through the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). The inclusion of a zero injection bus (ZIB) optimized the total number of PMU requirements for complete observation of the synchrophasor network. The communication channels between measurement devices and control centers are highly vulnerable to cyber threats. Thus, an anomaly that occurs with PMU devices during a cyber-attack can affect the system’s reliability. Therefore, monitoring the reliability of the synchrophasor network has become essential for healthy power operation. Synchrophasor measurement technology can enhance wide-area surveillance and security functionality. However, the dependability of such technologies in the context of information network accessibility has yet to be investigated in a coherent model. Growing electric grid defence levels to mitigate the impact of cyber-attacks is essential. The cumulative effect of synchrophasor network observability and reliability is discussed in this paper by optimizing the number of PMUs deployed and the interruption load that occurs during an anomaly with PMU while taking ZIB into account.The backup PMU deployment modeling is also presented to secure the reliability and observability of the grid network during an anomaly occurs with PMU. The indices, Interrupted Load Probability Index (ILPI) and Expected Demand Not Supplied (EDNS), are used to evaluate the reliability of synchrophasor grid networks by integrating the state probability of PMU unavailability due to cyber intrusion

The Botany, Chemistry, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Application of Psoralea corylifolia L. – A Review

Psoralea corylifolia Linn. is an endangered and medicinally important plant indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its medicinal usage is reported in Indian pharmaceutical codex, the Chinese, British and the American pharmacopoeias and in different traditional system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. The review reveals that wide ranges of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from the plant and it possesses important activities like antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumer. Various other activities like hepatoprotective, antioxidants and antithelminitic have also been reported. These repots are very encouraging and indicate that herb should be studied more expensively for its therapeutic benefits.This article briefly reviews the botany, pharmacology, biochemistry and therapeutic application of the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Psoralea corylifolia and highlight the need for research and development.Keywords: - Psoralen, Isopsoralen, Pharmacological activities, Psoralea corylifolia Linn

Hot springs of Indian Himalayas: potential sources of microbial diversity and thermostable hydrolytic enzymes

Microbial communities in hot springs at high elevations have been extensively studied worldwide. In this sense, the Indian Himalaya regions is valuable ecosystems for providing both the extreme ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ sites for exploring microbial diversity. In the present study, a total of 140 thermophilic bacteria were isolated from 12 samples collected from Manikaran and Yumthang hot springs of Indian Himalayas. The bacterial isolates were studied for phylogenetic profiling, growth properties at varying conditions and potential sources of extracellular thermostable hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, amylase, xylanase and cellulase. Based on production of extracellular hydrolases, 51 isolates from Manikaran (28) and Yumthang thermal springs (23) were selected and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing which included 37 distinct species of 14 different genera namely Anoxybacillus, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Thermoactinomyces, Thermobacillus, Thermonema and Thiobacillus. Out of 51 hydrolase producing bacteria, 24 isolates showed stability at wide range of temperature and pH treatments. In present investigation, three thermotolerant bacteria namely, Thermobacillus sp NBM6, Paenibacillus ehimensis NBM24 and Paenibacillus popilliae NBM68 were found to produced cellulase-free xylanase. These potential extracellular thermostable hydrolytic enzymes producing thermophilic bacteria have a great commercial prospect in various industrial, medical and agriculture applications

Nutraceutical value of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.), and their improvement using omics approaches

The science of nutritional biology has progressed extensively over the last decade to develop food-based nutraceuticals as a form of highly personalized medicine or therapeutic agent. Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is a crop with potentially tremendous but under-explored source of nutraceutical properties as compared to other regularly consumed cereals. In the era of growing divide and drawback of nutritional security, these characteristics must be harnessed to develop finger millet as a novel functional food. In addition, introgression of these traits into other staple crops can improve the well-being of the general population on a global scale. The objective of this review is to emphasize the importance of biofortification of finger millet in context of universal health and nutritional crisis. We have specifically highlighted the role that recent biotechnological advancements have to offer for enrichment of its nutritional value and how these developments can commission to the field of nutritional biology by opening new avenues for future research

A study of bronchial asthma in school going children in Southern part of Rajasthan

Background: Asthma is a chronic and common inflammatory disease involving mainly large airways of lungs. Childhood asthma is common chronic illness among school going children and is usually underdiagnosed and undertreated. The aim of the present study was to find out of the prevalence of Bronchial asthma in school going children of age group 6-12 years in southern part of Rajasthan (India), and its relation with gender, socio-economic status and heredity.Methods: A questionnaire-based study has been carried out in 1500 children of 6 to 12 years age group in four schools of Udaipur city (Rajasthan, India) with a response rate of 60.23% (904/1500).Results: The overall prevalence of asthma observed is 4.75% (43/904). The prevalence is higher among boys (5.55%) as compared to girls (3.75%). Further the prevalence is higher in upper (7.18%) and upper middle class (7.14%) children as compared to lower middle (4.84%) and upper lower class (2.01%) socioeconomic status. The children with positive family history of asthma also have higher prevalence (26.31%) of asthma.Conclusions: The prevalence of childhood asthma in Udaipur city is relatively lower and supports the already reported relation with gender, socioeconomic status and heredity.