BIOLOGY, HISTOPATHOLOGY, AND IMPROVEMENTS IN AXENIC CULTURE OF LABYRINTHULA TERRESTRIS, CAUSAL AGENT OF RAPID BLIGHT OF COOL-SEASON TURFGRASSES

Rapid blight is a disease of cool-season turfgrasses caused by Labyrinthula terrestris. Disease symptoms include water-soaked lesions, yellowing and browning of foliage, and coalescing patches of dead turf. L. terrestris belongs to a group of marine microorganisms in the kingdom Chromista (also known as Stramenopila). Morphological characteristics of Labyrinthula spp. include spindle-shaped vegetative cells that move in an ectoplasmic network. The biology and pathology of L. terrestris is not clearly understood; therefore, the ultrastructure, life cycle, and histopathology of L. terrestris were investigated. In addition, improvements in axenic culture and long-term storage methods were made to better culture L. terrestris. Ultrastructure studies showed L. terrestris cells contain cytoplasmic contents consistent with relatives; bothrosomes, cell surface organelles that secrete the ectoplasmic network, were also elucidated. Examinations of cultures revealed that cells initially divided repeatedly with little motility, later cells were highly motile in ectoplasmic networks, and finally cells moved in a whirling motion and formed round aggregates. Aggregate formation was also observed on the host. Aggregates gave rise to new colonies and appear to play a role in survival under stress. Asexual reproduction was through mitotic cell division and sexual reproduction or production of zoospores was not observed. Histopathology investigations showed that L. terrestris infected the host through stomata, wounds, and trichome bases. L. terrestris occupied all foliar cells in the host, multiplied inside the host, and moved across host cell walls. The basic culture medium called SSA (serum saline water agar), typically used for L. terrestris, resulted in poor growth and viability. SSA was modified with additional nutritive sources; this medium was designated as SSA+A (plus additives). Another medium, GESSA (grass extract SSA) was developed by adding grass extract to SSA. Results showed that the growth rate was significantly higher on GESSA followed by SSA+A and SSA. Cultures were successfully stored for up to two years with the modified long-term storage method

Effectiveness of supplemental aeration and an enlarged first stage in improving RBC performance

Rotating biological contactors, a type of fixed-film wastewater treatment process, have been used extensively for treating industrial and municipal wastewaters. Several studies have indicated RBC operational problems occasioned by overloaded conditions in the first and second stages, resulting in very low dissolved oxygen levels which further result in heavy biomass growth such as Beggiatoa, thereby deteriorating process efficiency. The effectiveness of supplemental aeration and an enlarged first stage was investigated in a full-scale, four-stage RBC treatment plant having two parallel trains treating domestic and industrial dairy waste. One train was used to evaluate the effects of operational modifications, and the parallel train was used as a control. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase the effect of supplemental aeration alone and in the second phase the combined effect of supplemental aeration alone and use of an enlarged first stage on RBC performance were investigated. Each phase was operated separately under a range of low and high organic loading rates;The results indicate that higher removal rates can be achieved with supplemental air, regardless of the organic loading rates. The results also indicated that there is a strong relationship between organic mass loading and removal and these relationships can be used to design RBC systems. Most of the soluble COD was removed in the first stage. Dissolved oxygen levels and oxygen uptake rates were higher with supplemental air, and DO\u27s always remained above 1 mg/L. Growth of Beggiatoa was completely eliminated and thinner biofilms were established. Ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies of 80.6 and 68.4 percent were observed at low and high organic loading rates in the presence of supplemental air. Carbonaceous substrate removal kinetics were found to be first order when using supplemental air and zero order without the air at higher organic loadings;The SCOD removal efficiencies generally increased with an enlarged first stage alone due to the reduced organic loadings in the initial stages, but removal rates observed when using supplemental aeration and an enlarged first stage were still much superior. Ammonia nitrogen removal efficiencies deteriorated when operating with an enlarged first stage, indicating preference for the plug-flow mode

Secure And Insubstantial Data Sharing Chart For Mobile Cloud Computing

We focus on the extent of transparency as a result of major updates that this customer may have, and certified outsourcing of major updates is a brand new product known as Cloud Storage Auditing. Let's here in this case, major updates can be outsourced safely to an accredited entity, thus the weight of updating the least important items is stored around the customer. In addition, our client design provides us with the ability to validate validity using encrypted secret keys that is set by in particular, we benefit from external auditors in many of the current general audit designs; allow it to act as an authorized party in our center, which makes it Responsible for both storage checks and key updates, lock key conflicts. When uploading new files to the cloud, the customer should download the encrypted secret key that was only downloaded in... After that, the authorized party will hold the encrypted secret key from the client to check the cloud storage and update it below the encrypted state in each time period. The customer downloads and decrypts the encrypted secret key to the authorized party and they want to upload new files to the cloud. Within our design, THE should only be an encrypted form of a customer's secret key while performing each of these challenging tasks in honor of the customer. Within our design, THE should only be an encrypted form of a customer's secret key while performing each of these challenging tasks in honor of the customer. We formalize the meaning as well as the type of security in this example

Process Intensification by Using a Helical Capillary Microreactor for a Continuous Flow Synthesis of Peroxypropionic Acid and Its Kinetic Study

Peroxypropionic acid (PPA) is an important organic chemical compound. Due to its versatile oxidizing properties, it is used in the oil, chemical and other industries. In this article, an attempt was made for the production of PPA in a Teflon helical capillary microreactor without and with homogeneous catalyst. The article reports the perhydrolysis of PPA with the effect of various parameters such as concentration of hydrogen peroxide, molar ratio of reactants, radius of curvature of the microreactor, concentration of catalyst and temperature. The reaction is slow, as the PPA equilibrium was found to be reached within 10 min at a temperature of 50 °C and at 10 mol  % catalyst loading based on propionic acid. The reaction was carried out in 13.25 and 23.25 mm radius of curvature of the microreactor in which 4.0375 and 3.488 mol/L concentrations of PPA respectively were obtained at 50 ºC and 10 mol % catalyst. It indicates that as radius of curvature decreases, better mixing was provided among the reactants for the reaction to give enhanced yield and selectivity. From the experimental data and the kinetic expressions, the expressions of activation energies and reaction rate constants were determined. For PPA synthesis and hydrolysis, the activation energies were 43.897 and 20.658 kJ/mol respectively without catalyst, while the activation energies for both the cases were 42.314 and 17.514 kJ/mol respectively with catalyst of 10 mol% based on propionic acid. The dean number, curve tube friction factor and pressure drop also determined for the helical capillary microreactor

Unmanned Video/Audio Transmission Robot with Motion Sensor Using 8051 Microcontroller

This paper is to design and develop an intelligence robot to detect dangerous Gas/Smoke by using an 8 bit microcontroller. In this paper the robot is designed to move automatically. The robot acts according to the command given by the program. It will move in all the directions like forward, backward, right and left. The Smoke sensing unit is available in robot mechanism. If particular Smoke is detected, robot will switch ON the Alarm Unit. The video and audio are monitored at the control unit. For transmitting audio and video, RF camera has been used. [1]

Effect of Growth Rate on Effluent Suspended Solids in Activated Sludge Systems

Bioenvironmental Engineerin

Studies on buried layer resistors

Multilayer thick-film technology is one of the important technologies adopted in the miniaturization of electronic systems. Generally, only interconnections are made in the intermediate layers. The possibility of fabricating resistors along with interconnections in the buried layers/intermediate layers using conventional thick-film materials has been examined in this study. The fabrication has been carried out by processing layer after layer. It has been found that the buried layer resistors exhibited a sheet resistivity lower than those fabricated as open resistors. This change in sheet resistivity has been attributed to multiple firings that the resistors undergo during the fabrication. This reduction in sheet resistivity has been found to be due to segregation of active materials. A model has been proposed to explain this change in sheet resistivity through segregation of the active material. The work reported in the paper clearly indicates that buried resistors with consistent values (+/-10%) can be fabricated using conventional materials. However, the design of the resistors has to be carried out using modified sheet resistivities. The model that is proposed also indicates how one can make a paste that is likely to exhibit the same sheet resistivity for buried resistors and open resistors. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

Impact of obesity with impaired glucose tolerance on retinal degeneration in a rat model of metabolic syndrome.

PurposeMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with several degenerative diseases, including retinal degeneration. Previously, we reported on progressive retinal degeneration in a spontaneous obese rat (WNIN/Ob) model. In this study, we investigated the additional effect of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), an essential component of MetS, on retinal degeneration using the WNIN/GR-Ob rat model.MethodsThe retinal morphology and ultrastructure of WNIN/GR-Ob and age-matched littermate lean rats were studied by microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The retinal transcriptome of WNIN/GR-Ob was compared with the respective lean controls and with the WNIN/Ob model using microarray analysis. Expression of selected retinal marker genes was studied via real-time PCR.ResultsProgressive loss of photoreceptor cells was observed in WNIN/GR-Ob rats with an onset as early as 3 months. Similarly, thinning of the inner nuclear layer was observed from 6 months in these rats. Immunohistochemical analysis showed decreased levels of rhodopsin and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) proteins and increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and calretinin in WNIN/GR-Ob rats compared with the age-matched lean controls, further supporting cellular stress/damage and retinal degeneration. The retinal transcriptome analysis indicated altered expression profiles in both the WNIN/GR-Ob and WNIN/Ob rat models compared to their respective lean controls; these pathways are associated with activation of pathways like cellular oxidative stress response, inflammation, apoptosis, and phototransduction, although the changes were more prominent in WNIN/GR-Ob than in WNIN/Ob animals.ConclusionsWNIN/GR-Ob rats with added glucose intolerance developed retinal degeneration similar to the parent line WNIN/Ob. The severity of retinal degeneration was greater in WNIN/GR-Ob rats compared to WNIN/Ob, suggesting a possible role for IGT in this model. Hence, the WNIN/GR-Ob model could be a valuable tool for investigating the impact of MetS on retinal degeneration pathology

CODING SCRIPT TO AVOID DATA CORRUPTION TO PROTECT MEMORIES

The primary challenge is the fact that individual’s codes should minimize the delay and area penalty. One of the codes which have been considered for memory protection is Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. This limits using ECCs in high-speed recollections. It has brought to using simple codes for example single error correction double error recognition (SEC-DED) codes. However, as technology scales multiple cell upsets (MCUs) be common and limit using SEC-DED codes unless of course they're coupled with interleaving. To prevent data corruption, error correction codes (ECCs) are broadly accustomed to safeguard recollections. ECCs introduce a delay penalty in being able to access the information as encoding or deciphering needs to be carried out. An identical issue happens in some kinds of recollections like DRAM which are typically arranged in modules made up of several products. In individual’s modules, the security against a tool failure instead of isolated bit errors can also be desirable. In individual’s cases, one option is by using more complex ECCs that may correct multiple bit errors. These codes derive from non-binary symbols and for that reason can correct multiple bit errors. Within this paper, single symbol error correction codes according to Reed-Solomon codes that may be implemented with low delay are suggested and evaluated. The outcomes show that they'll be implemented having a substantially lower delay than traditional single error correction RS codes