A Discontinuous RNA Platform Mediates RNA Virus Replication: Building an Integrated Model for RNA–based Regulation of Viral Processes

Plus-strand RNA viruses contain RNA elements within their genomes that mediate a variety of fundamental viral processes. The traditional view of these elements is that of local RNA structures. This perspective, however, is changing due to increasing discoveries of functional viral RNA elements that are formed by long-range RNA–RNA interactions, often spanning thousands of nucleotides. The plus-strand RNA genomes of tombusviruses exemplify this concept by possessing different long-range RNA–RNA interactions that regulate both viral translation and transcription. Here we report that a third fundamental tombusvirus process, viral genome replication, requires a long-range RNA–based interaction spanning ∼3000 nts. In vivo and in vitro analyses suggest that the discontinuous RNA platform formed by the interaction facilitates efficient assembly of the viral RNA replicase. This finding has allowed us to build an integrated model for the role of global RNA structure in regulating the reproduction of a eukaryotic RNA virus, and the insights gained have extended our understanding of the multifunctional nature of viral RNA genomes

2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: executive summary.

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The gendering of physical education in Hong Kong: East, West or global?

How gender operates is a key factor in the ways in which physical education is organized, taught and experienced by students and teachers. This essay highlights the gendered contours of the history of physical education development in Hong Kong, its Chinese heritage and its colonial foundations – the persistent influence of British approaches to physical education teacher education and the promotion of sport. The paper is a collaborative work between Chinese-born and Western scholars. It examines the relative influences of Chinese attitudes towards gender roles and the active, sporting body and the continued impact of Western approaches to physical education and sport in a post-colonial society

Olive oil enriched diet suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor growth via focal adhesion pathway

Objective: Olive oil, an integral ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, has been suggested to have a potential role in lowering risk of several cancers. However, there is a lack of literature reporting the detailed mechanism of dietary olive oil on HCC. In this present study, we examine the effects of olive oil enriched diet on the genetic profile changes and the relation to malignancy and metastasis of HCC. Methodology: Human low metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (MHCC97L) was used in the orthotopic xenograft model. We analyzed the gene expression profile of HCC tumor implanted in nude mice, either fed with normal rat chow (n = 3) or 20% olive oil enriched diet (n = 3), by performing Affymetrix microarray analysis. Results: Tumor volume of nude mice fed with 20% olive oil diet was significantly reduced by 80%. Our microarray data showed that the molecular mechanism of HCC tumor growth suppression could be explained by focal adhesion pathway, which is particularly associated with cell migration and integrin signaling. The present study revealed olive oil-enriched diet down-regulated the genes expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-linked focal adhesion pathway candidates, like ECM and protein kinase, alpha (PKCA), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-linked focal adhesion pathway genes, such as met proto-oncogene (MET). In addition, the up-regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) candidates, such as cell division cycle 42 (cdc42, GTP-binding protein), mitogen-activated protein kinase / extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), by olive oil-enriched diet might contributed to the onset of apoptosis or cell cycle delay. Certainly, an appropriate study of the active component(s) in olive oil on HCC must be carried out to provide stronger evidence to a new molecular approach of diet intervention in the management of HCC

Olive oil enriched diet suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor growth via focal adhesion pathway

Objective: Olive oil, an integral ingredient of the Mediterranean diet, has been suggested to have a potential role in lowering risk of several cancers. However, there is a lack of literature reporting the detailed mechanism of dietary olive oil on HCC. In this present study, we examine the effects of olive oil enriched diet on the genetic profile changes and the relation to malignancy and metastasis of HCC. Methodology: Human low metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (MHCC97L) was used in the orthotopic xenograft model. We analyzed the gene expression profile of HCC tumor implanted in nude mice, either fed with normal rat chow (n = 3) or 20% olive oil enriched diet (n = 3), by performing Affymetrix microarray analysis. Results: Tumor volume of nude mice fed with 20% olive oil diet was significantly reduced by 80%. Our microarray data showed that the molecular mechanism of HCC tumor growth suppression could be explained by focal adhesion pathway, which is particularly associated with cell migration and integrin signaling. The present study revealed olive oil-enriched diet down-regulated the genes expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)-linked focal adhesion pathway candidates, like ECM and protein kinase, alpha (PKCA), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-linked focal adhesion pathway genes, such as met proto-oncogene (MET). In addition, the up-regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) candidates, such as cell division cycle 42 (cdc42, GTP-binding protein), mitogen-activated protein kinase / extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), by olive oil-enriched diet might contributed to the onset of apoptosis or cell cycle delay. Certainly, an appropriate study of the active component(s) in olive oil on HCC must be carried out to provide stronger evidence to a new molecular approach of diet intervention in the management of HCC