DETECTION SURVEY OF KHAPRA BEETLE IN STORED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN CENTRAL JAVA = SUR VEl DETEKSI KUMBANG KHAPRA DI GUDANG PRODUK PERTANIAN DI JAWA TENGAH

Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Celeoptera: Dennestidae) entered Central Java together with importation of stored products four decades ago. A survey was conducted to detect whether the Kaphra beetle existed in Central Java after they had been fumigated during commodity arrival. If the Kaphra beetle is absent, the data could be treated as the starting point toward declaring a pest free area (PFA) of Kaphra beetle in Central Java. The survey employed the procedure established in Australia, except this survey lasted for 11 months starting from April 2008 to February 2009. Insect traps (Trece Incorporation,Oklahoma, USA) were placed in eight sites distributed in six districts identified as high risk for Kaphra beetle. The traps were substitu\u27tedfollowing the label. The traps were checked every 2-4 weeks making the total observations varying from 18-24 times, except one site (eight times). No Kaphra beetle was observed during this detection survey. This finding strongly suggests that Kaphra beetle is not present in Central Java. Survey should be continued to collect data sufficient to declare PFAof Kaphra beetle. Kumbang Khapra. Trogodenna granarium Evert (CeleopteraDermestidae) masuk ke Jawa Tengah bersama sama dengan produk impor empat dekade lalu. Survei deteksi ini dilakukan untuk mendeteksi apakah kumbang Kaphra masih ada di Jawa Tengah setelah dilakukan fumigasi sejak kedatangannya. Jika kumbang Kaphra sudah tidak ada. data tersebut digunakan sebagai langkah awal pen etapan area bebas ham a (pest Free ArealPFA) kumbang Kaphra di Jawa Tengah. Survei menggunakan prosedur yang telah ditetapkan di Australia. yang dilakukan selama 11 bulan mulai April 2008 hingga Februari 2009. Perangkap serangga (produk dari Trece Incorporation, Oklahoma, USA) diletakkan di delapan tempat yang tersebar di enam Kabupatenlkota yang diidentifikasi sebagai daerah berisiko tinggi terhadap keberadaan kumbang Kaphra. Perangkap diganti dengan interval waktu dua bulan, dan diamati setiap 2 - 4 minggu. Jumlah observasi mencapai kisaran 18-24 kali, kecuali di satu gudang (delapan kali). Kumbang Kaphra tidak ditemukan selama survei deteksi berlangsung. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kumbang Kaphra tidak ada di Jawa Tengah. Survei perlu dilanjutkan untuk memperoleh data samapai memenuhi untuk persyaratan penetapan PFA

Pewarisan Sifat Resistensi Terhadap Deltametrin Pada Plutella Xylostella : Inheritance Resistance To Deltametrin In Plutella Xylostella

Abstract: A field population of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Central Java has been reported to become resistant to a pyretroid synthetic deltamethrin. The objective of this research was to study the genetics of resistance in that population. The resistant population was continously sprayed with deltamethrin in the laboratory to increase the resitant level. The resistant population used in this study was 51 more resistant to deltamethrin than was the susceptible population. Bioassays using F1 obtaining from the reciprocal mating between the susceptible and resistant parents showed that the resistance to deltamethrin in P. xylostella was inherited recessively and the maternal effects were observed. The degree of dominance (D) was â0.8 when resistant female was mated with the susceptible male and the D value was â0.3 when the susceptible female was mated with the resistant male. Using the monogenic model it was proved that the resistance was controlled by single gen. The implementation of these findings for the development of resistance management program will be discussed. Keywords: Plutella xylostella, inheritance, deltamethri

Bioactivity of a bacillus thuringiensis cryiac toxin to spodoptera litura bioaktivitas toksin bacillus thuringiensis cry 1 ac terhadap spodoptera litura

ABSTRACT The transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin CrylAc in Indonesia has been planted since 2000 for controlling Helicoverpa armigera_ Spodoptera litura is another lepidopteran insect that also attacks cotton. The objective of this research was to determine the toxicity of CrylAc to S. litura. The acute toxicity was determined using neonates of S. litura exposed to artificial diets treated with series concentrations of CrylAc Ac ranging from 0.14 to 625 mg,/ml, and larval mortality was recorded at the seventh day after treatment. The chronic toxicity was determined by exposing neonate to artificial diets treated with the sublethal concentrations (LC5 and LC p). The growth and development of treated larvae were compared with those of the control larvae. CrylAc was toxic to neonate with LC5 values of 71.9, 18.1, 24.7, and 16.2 mg/ml for S. litura collected from Wonosari, Bantul-1, Bantu°l-2, and Kopeng, respectively. CrylAc was more toxic than formulated B. thuringiensis (LC59= 724.8 mg/m1). Larvae exposed continuously⢠to artificial diets treated with sublethal concentrations of CrylAc (0.61 and 9.77 mg/ml) showed no significant difference on weight and length of each life stages than those of the control larvae. These indicate that the application of the tested sublethal concentrations of CrylAc did not affect the growth and development of S. litura. However, increasing concentrations of Cry I Ac (156.25 and 625 mg/m1) significantly reduced the weight of surviving larvae. These findings suggest that application of CrylAc to S. litura shows some toxicological effects. The effectiveness of the transgenic cotton in controlling S. litura in field situation will be discussed. Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis, CrylAc, Spodoptera litura INTISARI Kapas transgenik yang mengekspresikan toksin CrylAc Bacillus thuirngiensis telah ditanaman di Indonesia untuk mengendalikan Helicoverpa armigera. Spodoptera litura adalah Lepidoptera lain yang juga menyerang pada tanaman kapas. Penelitian in bertujuan ntendeterminasi toksisitas toksin CrylAc terhadap larva S. litura. Pengujian toksisitas akut dilakukan dengan memberi makan larva yang baru menetas dengan pakan buatan yang telah diperlakukan dengan toksin konsentrasi 0,14-625 mg/ml, dan mortalitas larva dihitung satu minggu setelah aplikasi. Toksistas kronik dideterminasi dengan memberi makan larva dengan pakan yang telah diperlakukan dengan konsentrasi sublethal (LC, dan LC4). Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan larva yang diperlakukan dibandingkan dengan larva kontrol. Nilai LC,0CtylAc adalah 71,918,124,7dan 16,2 mg/ml untuk populasi S. litura berturut-turut dari Wonosari, Bantul-1, Bantul-2, dan Kopeng. CrylAc lebih toksik dibandingkan dengan formulasi B. thuringiensis (LC" = 724,8 mg/ml). Larva. yang diperlakukan dengan CrylAc konsentrasi sublethal (0,61 Ian 9,77 mg/ml) mempunyatrat z yang sama dengan larva kontrol, dan larva tersebut berhasil menjadi pupa dan imago dalam waktzt yang sama. Hal ini nzenunjukkan bahwa pada konsentrasi tersebut pertumbithan dan perkembangan larva tidak terhambat. Nanzun, apabila konsentrasi toksin dinaikkan menjadi 156,25 dan 625 mg/nil penghambatan pertumbuhan menjadi nyata. Hasil penelitian ini tnenunjukkan bahwa CrylAc mempunyai efek toksikologis terhadap S. litura. Efektifitas CrylAcada kapas transgenik untuk haina tersebut pada kondisi lapangan akan didiskusikan lepbih lanjut. Kata kunci: Bacillus thuringiensis, CrylAc, Spodoptera litur

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DAN FREKUENSI APLIKASI DELTAMETRIN TERHADAP RESURJENSI Nilaparvata lugens = EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND FREQUENCY OFAPPLICATIONS OF DELTAMETHRIN ON RESURGENCE OF Nilaparvata lugens

Nilaparvata lugens is the type of insect pest whose resurgence is induced by insecticides. Deltamethrin is an insecticide commonly used by farmers to control pests other than N. lugens on rice. This research was conducted to determine the effect of sublethal concentrations and application frequency of deltamethrin on subsequent growth and development of third instars ofN. lugens. The selected concentrations were 50 ppm (LC25) and 225 ppm (LC50), and the frequency of applications ranged 1-3 times. Each concentration was applied to the third instars of the parent generation (one time), the parent and their first offspring (two times) and the parent, their first and second offspring (three times). N. lugens used in this experiment was the susceptible population derivedfrom the laboratory population. Application of deltamethrin on two and three consecutive generations increased nymphal mortality, the population of offspring produced by the surviving adults, and the ratio of treated and control females in producing the offspring. Increasing the frequency of application increased the ratio, and the females received three applications produced nymphs 2.65 times more than the controlfemales. The two sublethal concentrations did not have significant impact on the above parameters. Furthermore, the interaction between concentration and frequency of application was absent. These findings suggest that several applications of deltamethrin at sublethal concentrations would contribute to the resurgence ofN. lugens

Seleksi Resistensi Plutella xylostella terhadap Deltametrin = Selection toward Resistance to Deltamethrin in Plutella xylostella

ABSTRACT Population of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), that had resistant to deltamethrin (Kopeng population, Central Jawa), was selected in laboratorium. This population divided into two sub population: non selected (KNS) and selected (KS). Second intar of KS population were selected each generation to caisim leave that deeped with deltamethrin (100 ppm) for 96 hours. The survival larve were replaced to the fresh leave to continue their development time. The susceptible population of P. xylostella, collected from Selo, Boyolali were used for comparison. After seven generation of selection the resistace ratio of KS-F9 increased 7 times compared to non selection population (KNS-F9), and 51 times compared to susceptible population (Selo-F2). KNS population that not selected did not decrease the resistant level. The resistant population of P. xylsotella could be used for research associated with resistant management. Keywords: selection â resistance â Plutella xylostella deltametri

Keanekaragaman Artropoda musuh alami pada pertanaman kapas transgenik bacillus thuringiensis di Soppeng, Sulawesi Selatan=Diversity of Natural Enemy in the Bacillus thuringiensis Transgenic Cotton in Soppeng ...

The objective of this research was to compare the diversity of natural enemy in the Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton (Bollgard) andnon-transgenic cotton varieties (Deltapine 5690 and Kanesia 7). The research was conducted in Soppeng, South Sulawesi. Twelve plots of 30xl00m2 were planted with Bollgard, Deltapine 5690, and Kanesia 7each treatment was replicated four times. The first observation was started on day 26 after planting, and the next observations were conducted with an interval of 14 days. The observation was terminated on day 138 after planting. Two different observation procedures were employed: direct observation and observation using an insect net. The index diversity of arthropods was analyzed using equation develop by Hill (Cheng, 1995). The results showed that Bollgard did not affect the diversity compared with those of Deltapine 5690 and Kanesia 7. Eight orders consisting of 29 families and 35 species were found in Bollgard, whereas for Deltapine 5690 there were eight orders consisting of 27 families and 33 species. Eight orders of arthropods were also found in Kanesia 7, which consisted of 29 families and 35 species. Hymenoptera was found most in all three cotton varieties. In addition, Arachnids and Dipterans were abundant predator in all cotton varieties. The diversity index (H\u27), the number of abundant species in the sample (Nj), the number of very abundant species (N2), and evenness (E) in Kanesia 7 was the highest, followed by Bollgard and Deltapine 5690. Keywords: diversity -natural enemy -transgenic cotton

Hubungan Kepadatan dan Biting Behaviour Nyamuk Anopheles farauti Dengan Kasus Malaria di Ekosistem Pantai dan Rawa (Kabupaten Biak Numfor dan Asmat)

AbstractPopulation density and bitting behaviour of insect vectors are several of the factors that influence the number of cases of malaria. This study aims to determine the relationship between population density and bitting behaviour Anopheles farauti which is a vector of malaria in coastal ecosystems (Biak Numfor Regency) and swamp ecosystems (Asmat Regency) with malaria cases. The method used is human landing collection conducted at 18:00 to 6:00 a.m. inside and outside the house. The results showed that the population density of An. farauti in coastal ecosystems is relatively lower than the swamp ecosystems. Man bitting rate in coastal ecosystems is 4 and 4.66, at 95.52 and 42.38 in swamp ecosystem. An. farauti on two ecosystems research are eksofilik. Population density and bitting behaviour An. farauti in coastal ecosystems and swamp ecosystems are not positively correlated with the number of malaria cases.Keywords: population density, biting behavior, An. farauti, Biak Numfor, AsmatAbstrakKepadatan populasi dan aktivitas menggigit serangga vektor merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi jumlah kasus malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan hubungan kepadatan populasi dan aktivitas menggigit Anopheles farauti yang merupakan vektor malaria di ekosistem pantai (Kabupaten Biak Numfor) dan ekosistem rawa (Kabupaten Asmat) dengan kasus malaria. Metode yang digunakan adalah human landing collection yang dilakukan pada pukul 18.0006.00 di dalam dan di luar rumah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa padat populasi An. farauti di ekosistem pantai relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan ekosistem rawa. Man bitting rate di ekosistem pantai adalah 4 dan 4,66 di ekosistem rawa 95,52 dan 42,38. An. farauti pada dua ekosistem penelitian bersifat eksofilik. Kepadatan populasi dan aktivitas mencari darah An. farauti di ekosistem pantai dan ekosistem rawa tidak berkorelasi positif dengan jumlah kasus malaria.Kata kunci: kepadatan populasi, aktivitas menggigit, An. farauti, Biak Numfor, Asma

Resistance of Ahasverus advena and Cryptolestes ferrugineus to Phosphine on Imported Cocoa Beans from Cameroon, Ivory Coast, and Dominican Republic

Ahasverus advena and Cryptolestes ferrugineus were the most frequent pests found on cocoa beans in consignment. Their high infestation could contaminate cocoa beans and put the impact on its quality and economic value. Phosphine is one of the most commonly used fumigant in fumigation treatment to control the pest. The resistance status of A. advena and C. ferrugineus carried by cocoa beans from abroad to Indonesia against phosphine has not been reported. The purpose of this research was to determine the resistance of A. advena and C. ferrugineus to phosphine in the imported cocoa beans. The insects were collected from cocoa beans in consignment from Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Dominican Republic, and storing warehouse in Bandung, Indonesia. C. ferrugineus  from Bogor (SEAMEO BIOTROP) and A. advena  from Cianjur (PT IGE), Indonesia were utilized as the reference populations. Resistance assay was conducted based on Food Agriculture Organization’s standard method. The resistance testing consisted of six phosphine concentrations: 0 (control), 0.005, 0.014, 0.023, 0.031, and 0.040 mg/l for 20 and 48 hours. The resistance classification testing was carried out with concentration 0.25 mg/l for 48 hours. A. advena originating from Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Dominican Republic and Bandung were susceptible to phosphine. C. ferrugineus coming from Cameroon, Ivory Coast (San Pedro and Abidjan) and Bandung were resistant to phosphine, while Dominican Republic’s population remained susceptible to phosphine. C. ferrugineus from Cameroon, Ivory Coast (San Pedro and Abidjan) categorized into strong resistance, while the Bandung population was weakly resistant.   Intisari Ahasverus advena dan Cryptolestes ferrugineus adalah hama yang sering ditemukan pada biji kakao di dalam petikemas. Infestasi hama ini dalam jumlah yang tinggi bisa mencemari biji kakao dan berdampak pada kualitas dan nilai ekonominya. Fosfin merupakan salah satu fumigan yang sering digunakan dalam perlakuan fumigasi untuk mengendalikan hama tersebut. Status resistensi A. advena dan C. ferrugineus yang terbawa biji kakao dari luar negeri ke Indonesia terhadap fosfin belum dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan resistensi A. advena dan C. ferrugineus yang terbawa biji kakao impor terhadap fosfin. Serangga uji diambil dari biji kakao di dalam kontainer yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading, Republik Dominica, dan gudang penyimpanan di Bandung, Indonesia. C. ferrugineus yang berasal dari Bogor (SEAMEO BIOTROP) dan A. advena dari Cianjur (PT IGE), Indonesia dipergunakan sebagai populasi referensi. Pengujian resistensi berdasarkan metode standar Food Agriculture Organization. Pengujian resistensi terdiri dari 6 (enam) konsentrasi fosfin yaitu 0 (kontrol); 0,005; 0,014; 0,023; 0,031; dan 0,040 mg/l selama 20 dan 48 jam. Pengujian klasifikasi resistensi dengan konsentrasi 0,25 mg/l selama 48 jam. A. advena yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading, Republik Dominica dan Bandung rentan terhadap fosfin. C. ferrugineus yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading (San Pedro dan Abidjan) dan Bandung resisten terhadap fosfin, sedangkan populasi asal Republik Dominica tetap rentan terhadap fosfin. C. ferrugineus yang berasal dari Kamerun, Pantai Gading (San Pedro dan Abidjan) tergolong resisten yang kuat (strong resistant), sedangkan populasi dari Bandung resisten yang lemah (weak resistant)

Aras kerusakan ekonomi (AKE) larva Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) pada tiga fase pertumbuhan tanaman jagung

The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) is an important economic pest of corn and is widely distributed in the Asia-Pacific region, including Indonesia. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of infestation levels of O. furnacalis larvae per plant on corn grain yield reductions, and to determine economic injury levels (EIL) of O. furnacalis larvae at three growth stages (V10, R1, and R2) of corn. The experiment was designed in a split-plot randomized complete block with blocks replicated three times. Differences in grain weight between the uninfested and highest infestation levels (six larvae per plant) V10, R1, and R2 were 59.81; 58.76; and 49.20 g/plant, respectively. For each additional infestation by one larvae per plant at V10, R1, dan R2, there is reduction in grain weight of 4.94%, 4.56% and 3.76% respectively. The calculation of EILs was based on the proportion of yield loss per larvae per plant on three corn growth stages with the assumption that pesticide control reduced 67% of O. furnacalis population. The lowest EIL was 0.31 larvae per plant at V10 when the cost of control reaching Rp.125,000 per ha and crop value of Rp.12,000,000 per ha. The highest EIL of 1.24 larvae per plant was found at R2 with the cost of control of Rp.250,000 per ha and crop value of Rp.8,000,000 per ha

PEMANFAATAN SERANGGA HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA UNTUK MENDETERMINASI KEBERADAAN DAN LAJU DEGRADASI TOKSIN BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS CRYIAC DI TANAH = THE USE OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE ...

Cotton expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1 Ac (transgenic cotton) has been planted in South Sulawesi. One of the identified risks is the effect of the toxin resulted from decom¬position of transgenic plants on soil biodiversity. The objectives of this research were to develop a bioassay procedure using larvae of Helicoverpa armigera to estimate the presence and degradation rate of Cryl Ac in soil. Cry/ Ac in 1 ml water was spiked on 1 g soil. The treated soil was mixed with the artificial diet (120 g) during its preparation. The newly hatched larvae were released on diet containing Cry1Ac ranging from 0.1-1,000,000 ng/120 g diet. Observations were made on the 7th day after release by assessing larval mortality, weighing and identifying the instar of surviving larvae. The study on degradation of Cry1 Ac was carried out at the concentrations of 100,000 and 1,000,000 ng with 0-30 days incu¬bation period. Similar bioassay procedures were implemented. Larvae of H. armigera were susceptible to Cry 1 Ac, and using growth inhibition as the end-point observation Cry1Ac could be detected at relatively low concentration. Degradation of Cryl Ac under the condition of 26-29°C and 10:14 L:D was observed to start occurring at the 20th day after incubation. Key words: Environmental risk assessment, Transgenic cotton, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bioindicator, and Helicoverpa armiger