3,000 research outputs found
Madagascar's future climate change intensified actions and policy reforms: fostering local initiatives or business as usual?
As Madagascar, like all other countries on the globe, is gearing up for the meeting of the 21 st Conference of Parties (COP21 ) of UNâs Framework Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC), we reflect on the persistent failure of development policies in Madagascar, and suggest that there may be fundamental flaws in perceptions about development interventions and transferability of solutions, resulting in a country in permanent crisis despite the islandâs great potential. The major official donors claim that they had left the island to itself since the 2009 crisis. However, World Bank statistics show that, in current terms, Madagascar was receiving US 500 million in 2013. In the same interval, the Gross National Product (GDP) per capita remained basically the same (equivalent to 440 US400 millions en 1990 et US/capita en 2014). Ă supposer que la COP21 ait pour rĂ©sultat des investissements massifs dans la rĂ©duction des Ă©missions de carbone et dans lâadaptation au changement climatique, nous proposons que, a minima, ces nouveaux projets, plans, programmes et politiques devraient viser Ă plus de durabilitĂ© en appliquant les Ăvaluations environnementales et sociales Ă tous les niveaux requis et que, de prĂ©fĂ©rence, cet afflux de capitaux reprĂ©sente lâopportunitĂ© dâune nouvelle approche du dĂ©veloppement. En particulier, nous proposons une focalisation sur la capacitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©rative (dĂ©finie somme la capacitĂ© Ă gĂ©nĂ©rer spontanĂ©ment de nouvelles options de dĂ©veloppement) des citoyens malgaches de mieux tirer parti des ressources naturelles et de lâinfrastructure des technologies de lâinformation et des communications (TIC) dĂ©jĂ en place. Lâambition dâun tel programme nâest ni sans risques ni sans embĂ»ches, mais nous estimons quâil sâagit dâun moyen de sortir du cycle actuel et auto-entretenu de sousperformance qui existe Ă Madagascar. Cet essai propose ainsi de mettre en cause le statut quo afin de stimuler la discussion et une nouvelle approche. Ă dĂ©faut et sans changement, les habitants comme les observateurs connaitront, dans 20 ans, les frustrations dâaujourdâhui, face Ă lâĂ©tat du dĂ©veloppement de Madagascar
Scale, Scope, and Specialization Effects on Retailersâ Procurement Strategies: Evidence from the Fresh Produce Markets of SĂŁo Paulo
Worldwide, the emergence of large supermarket chains in food retail markets is often associated with the marginalization of smaller retailers. A notable exception exists in Brazil, however, where small retailers have held their place in the market and recently even gained ground. The literature investigating how retail concentration has affected agrifood chains has focused activities of the largest retail chains, implicitly holding the scale, scope and specialization of retailersâ input needs constant, and overlooking the influence of these factors on retailersâ procurement strategies. This paper tests hypotheses regarding these variablesâ effects on retailersâ fresh produce procurement strategies. Data is drawn from a survey of retailers in metropolitan SĂŁo Paulo. The research results provide insight into factors underlying retailersâ procurement strategy choices and tradeoffs among options. The results support the fundamental hypothesis of the paper that research on the competitive strategies of smaller retailers in a context of market domination by large retailers should not focus exclusively on the degree to which the smaller retailers imitate the larger retailers rather it should account for the possibility that the underlying characteristics of the retailers may make diverse competitive strategies appropriate.scale, scope, specialization, procurement strategy, fresh produce, retail, Political Economy, L22,
Diffraction of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in the Time Domain
We have observed the diffraction of a Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium
atoms on a vibrating mirror potential. The matter wave packet bounces back at
normal incidence on a blue-detuned evanescent light field after a 3.6 mm free
fall. The mirror vibrates at a frequency of 500 kHz with an amplitude of 3.0
nm. The atomic carrier and sidebands are directly imaged during their ballistic
expansion. The locations and the relative weights of the diffracted atomic wave
packets are in very good agreement with the theoretical prediction of Carsten
Henkel et al. [1].Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.
Fill in Fabrics: Body-Aware Self-Supervised Inpainting for Image-Based Virtual Try-On
Previous virtual try-on methods usually focus on aligning a clothing item
with a person, limiting their ability to exploit the complex pose, shape and
skin color of the person, as well as the overall structure of the clothing,
which is vital to photo-realistic virtual try-on. To address this potential
weakness, we propose a fill in fabrics (FIFA) model, a self-supervised
conditional generative adversarial network based framework comprised of a
Fabricator and a unified virtual try-on pipeline with a Segmenter, Warper and
Fuser. The Fabricator aims to reconstruct the clothing image when provided with
a masked clothing as input, and learns the overall structure of the clothing by
filling in fabrics. A virtual try-on pipeline is then trained by transferring
the learned representations from the Fabricator to Warper in an effort to warp
and refine the target clothing. We also propose to use a multi-scale structural
constraint to enforce global context at multiple scales while warping the
target clothing to better fit the pose and shape of the person. Extensive
experiments demonstrate that our FIFA model achieves state-of-the-art results
on the standard VITON dataset for virtual try-on of clothing items, and is
shown to be effective at handling complex poses and retaining the texture and
embroidery of the clothing
Diffraction limited optics for single atom manipulation
We present an optical system designed to capture and observe a single neutral
atom in an optical dipole trap, created by focussing a laser beam using a large
numerical aperture N.A.=0.5 aspheric lens. We experimentally evaluate the
performance of the optical system and show that it is diffraction limited over
a broad spectral range (~ 200 nm) with a large transverse field (+/- 25
microns). The optical tweezer created at the focal point of the lens is able to
trap single atoms of 87Rb and to detect them individually with a large
collection efficiency. We measure the oscillation frequency of the atom in the
dipole trap, and use this value as an independent determination of the waist of
the optical tweezer. Finally, we produce with the same lens two dipole traps
separated by 2.2 microns and show that the imaging system can resolve the two
atoms.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures; typos corrected and references adde
Diffuse reflection of a Bose-Einstein condensate from a rough evanescent wave mirror
We present experimental results showing the diffuse reflection of a
Bose-Einstein condensate from a rough mirror, consisting of a dielectric
substrate supporting a blue-detuned evanescent wave. The scattering is
anisotropic, more pronounced in the direction of the surface propagation of the
evanescent wave. These results agree very well with theoretical predictions.Comment: submitted to J Phys B, 10 pages, 6 figure
Localisation des tanins dans la pellicule de baie de raisin
La localisation des taoins dans Ja pellicule de raisin a été étudiée en combinant les resultats obtenus par deux méthodes: observation microscopique (photonique et électronique à  transmission), et analyse chimique de différentes fractions obtenues aprÚs isolement des cellules pelliculaires sous forme de protoplastes. Trois grands groupes de tanins ont ainsi été déterminées selon leur localisation: tanins libres dans le suc vacuolaire, visualisés sous forme de granules qui augmentent de taille au fur et à mesure que l'on se rapproche de la surface de la pellicule; des tanins liés ont été mis en évidence dans deux autres localisations: tanins liés aux polysaccharides des parois cellulaires par des liaisons osidiques et tanins liés avec les protéines constitutives de la face interne des membranes vacuolaires.Localization of tannins in grape berry skinsThe localization of tannins in grape berry skins has been studied by associating results obtained with two methods: light and transmission electron microscopy, and chemical analysis of the fractions obtained after isolation of cells as protoplasts. According to their location, three groups of tannins were determined. The first consists of free tannins in solution in the vacuolar sap (these tannins appear in the form of granules decreasing in size from the skin surface to the pulp). Two other groups are constituted by bound tannins: those bound to the proteins of the internal face of the tonoplast, and those bound to the cell wall polysaccharides by osidic bonds
Lattice instabilities of cubic NiTi from first principles
The phonon dispersion relation of NiTi in the simple cubic B2 structure is
computed using first-principles density-functional perturbation theory with
pseudopotentials and a plane-wave basis set. Lattice instabilities are observed
to occur across nearly the entire Brillouin zone, excluding three
interpenetrating tubes of stability along the (001) directions and small
spheres of stability centered at R. The strongest instability is that of the
doubly degenerate M5' mode. The atomic displacements of one of the eigenvectors
of this mode generate a good approximation to the observed B19' ground-state
structure.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
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