Murine spleen contains a diversity of myeloid and dendritic cells distinct in antigen presenting function

The spleen contains multiple subsets of myeloid and dendritic cells (DC). DC are important antigen presenting cells (APC) which induce and control the adaptive immune response. They are cells specialized for antigen capture, processing and presentation to naıve T cells. However, DC are a heterogeneous population and each subset differs subtly in phenotype, function and location. Similarly, myeloid cell subsets can be distinguished which can also play an important role in the regulation of immunity. This review aims to characterize splenic subsets of DC and myeloid cells to better understand their individual roles in the immune response.NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia

Comparative Study Between Power Teaching and Ctl in Increasing Students\u27 Speaking Ability

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam pencapaian berbicara siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan Power Teaching dan CTL. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kelas XI SMAN 10 Bandar Lampung. Hasil pre-test di kelas Power Teaching adalah 65,47, sedangkan di kelas CTL adalah 66,52. Hasil post-test di kelas Power Teaching adalah 76,88, sedangkan di kelas CTL adalah 71,45. Ini berarti bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan setelah kedua metode diberikan. Total nilai dalam semua aspek berbicara di kelas Power Teaching adalah 402,5 poin, sedangkan di kelas CTL adalah 129. Ada perbedaan yang signifikan di semua aspek berbicara antara metode Power Teaching dan metode CTL. Ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam pencapaian berbicara siswa antara siswa yang diajar melalui Power Teaching dan mereka diajarkan melalui CTL. The objectives of this research were to find out whether there is significant differences in students\u27 speaking achievement who are taught by using Power Teaching and CTL and to find out whether there is aspect of two techniques mostly affect. The research was conducted at the eleventh grade of SMAN 10 Bandar Lampung. The result of pre-test in Power Teaching class was 65.47, while in CTL class was 66.52. The result of post-test in Power Teaching class was 76.88, while in CTL class was 71.45. It means that there was significant difference after treatments were given. The total gain in all aspects of speaking of Power Teaching was 402.5 points, while in CTL was 129. It means that there was significant difference in all aspects of speaking between Power Teaching and CTL method. There was a significant difference of students\u27 speaking achievement between the students who were taught through Power Teaching and those taught through CTL

Advancing Science with VGI: Reproducibility and Replicability of Recent Studies using VGI

In scientific research, reproducibility and replicability are requirements to ensure the advancement of our body of knowledge. T his holds true also for VGI - related research and studies. However, the characteristics of VGI suggest particular difficulties in ensuring reproducibility and replicability . In this paper, we aim to examine the current situation in VGI - related research , and identify strategies to ensure realization of its full potential. To do so, we first investigate the different aspects of reprod ucibility and replicability and their impact on VGI - related research . These impacts are different depending on the objectives of the study. Therefore , we examine the study focus of VGI - related research to assess the current body of research and structure o ur assessment . Th is work is based on a rigorous review of the elements of reproducibility and a systematic mapping and analysis of 58 papers on the use of VGI in the crisis management field. Results of our investigation show that reproducibility issues related to data are a serious concern , while reproducibility issues related to analysis methods and processes face fewer challenges. Howe ver, since most studies still focus on analyzing the source data, reproducibility and replicability are still an unsolved problem in VGI - related research. Therefore, we show initiative s tackling the problem, and finally formulate strategies to improve the situatio

Measurement of the infrared transmission through a single doped GaAs quantum well in an external magnetic field: Evidence for polaron effects

Precise absolute far-infra-red magneto-transmission experiments have been performed in magnetic fields up to 33 T on a series of single GaAs quantum wells doped at different levels. The transmission spectra have been simulated with a multilayer dielectric model. The imaginary part of the optical response function which reveals new singular features related to the electron-phonon interactions has been extracted. In addition to the expected polaronic effects due to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon of GaAs, a new kind of carrier concentration dependent interaction with interface phonons is observed. A simple physical model is used to try to quantify these interactions and explore their origin.Comment: 4 pages, 2 Figure

Estimating Parameters of Speciation Models Based on Refined Summaries of the Joint Site-Frequency Spectrum

Understanding the processes and conditions under which populations diverge to give rise to distinct species is a central question in evolutionary biology. Since recently diverged populations have high levels of shared polymorphisms, it is challenging to distinguish between recent divergence with no (or very low) inter-population gene flow and older splitting events with subsequent gene flow. Recently published methods to infer speciation parameters under the isolation-migration framework are based on summarizing polymorphism data at multiple loci in two species using the joint site-frequency spectrum (JSFS). We have developed two improvements of these methods based on a more extensive use of the JSFS classes of polymorphisms for species with high intra-locus recombination rates. First, using a likelihood based method, we demonstrate that taking into account low-frequency polymorphisms shared between species significantly improves the joint estimation of the divergence time and gene flow between species. Second, we introduce a local linear regression algorithm that considerably reduces the computational time and allows for the estimation of unequal rates of gene flow between species. We also investigate which summary statistics from the JSFS allow the greatest estimation accuracy for divergence time and migration rates for low (around 10) and high (around 100) numbers of loci. Focusing on cases with low numbers of loci and high intra-locus recombination rates we show that our methods for the estimation of divergence time and migration rates are more precise than existing approaches