South Atlantic paleobathymetry since early Cretaceous

We present early Cretaceous to present paleobathymetric reconstructions and quantitative uncertainty estimates for the South Atlantic, offering a strong basis for studies of paleocirculation, paleoclimate and paleobiogeography. Circulation in an initially salty and anoxic ocean, restricted by the topography of the Falkland Plateau, Rio Grande Ridge and Walvis Rise, favoured deposition of thick evaporites in shallow water of the Brazilian-Angolan margins. This ceased as sea oor spreading propagated northwards, opening an equatorial gateway to shallow and intermediate circulation. This gateway, together with subsiding volcano-tectonic barriers would have played a key role in Late Cretaceous climate changes. Later deepening and widening of the South Atlantic, together with gateway opening at Drake Passage would lead, by mid-Miocene (∼15 Ma) to the establishment of modern-style thermohaline circulation

Akuisisi Pertahanan dan Ekspor Senjata Pasca Revisi UU Industri Pertahanan dalam Omnibus Law Serta Potensi dan Kerawanannya Bagi Ekonomi Pertahanan

One of the laws that were revised in the Omnibus Law of the Job Creation Law which was passed on October 5, 2020, is Law number 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry. One of the points amended in the Act is the permitting of Private-Owned Enterprises (BUMS) as Lead Integrators for the Defense Industry. This revision indicates that the Defense Industry in Indonesia will be directed to a free market. This study aims to analyze defense acquisitions and weapons exports after the revision of the Defense Industry Law and the potential threats that can be posted through the revision of the Law. This study was structured using qualitative methods, research data obtained through observations, interviews, and review of documents that are considered relevant. The results of the study show (1) that there have been several positive trends since the Omnibus Law was ratified, both in terms of the amount of production or the number of Defense Industry, which in the future are expected to increase defense acquisitions through domestic production; (2) the trend of Indonesia's arms exports after the revision of the Defense Industry Law cannot be measured objectively because almost all economic activities are affected by the Covid-19 Pandemic, including the Defense Industry; (3) investment freedom through the revision of the Defense Industry Law does open up the potential for business competition in the domestic defense industry, but threats can arise if the existing liberalization is not regulated with certain limits that are adjusted to existing norms

Datation K-Ar et 40Ar/39Ar à 65 + ou - 3Ma des gisements d'émeraude du district de Chivor-Macanal : argument en faveur d'une déformation précoce dans la Cordillère orientale de Colombie

La genèse des gisements d'émeraude de Colombie, du district de Chivor-Marcanal, dans la Cordillère orientale, est associée à un épisode tectonique daté à 65 plus ou moins 3 Ma par K-Ar et 40Ar/39Ar. (Résumé d'auteur

National Livestock Policy of Nepal: Needs and Opportunities

This paper describes Nepal’s national livestock policies and considers how they can be improved to help meet the pressing national challenges of economic development, equity, poverty alleviation, gender mainstreaming, inclusion of marginalized and underprivileged communities, and climate vulnerability. Nepal is in the process of transforming its government from a unitary system to a federal democratic structure through the new constitution expected by 2015, offering the opportunity to bring a new set of priorities and stakeholders to policymaking. Nepal’s livestock subsector comes most directly within the purview of the National Agricultural Policy 2004, Agro-Business Policy, 2006 and Agricultural Sectoral Operating Policies of the Approach Paper to 13th Plan, 2012/13–2015/16 policy instruments. We systematically review these and other livestock-related national policies through analysis of their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT). We conclude with the need to formulate a separate, integrated national livestock policy so that Nepal can sustainably increase livestock productivity and achieve diversification, commercialization and competitiveness of the livestock subsector within the changing national and international contexts