Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to hexaconazole, trifloxistrobin and captan

4.3% of 2.2 million tons of apple produced in Turkey annually is obtained from Çanakkale. Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke.) Wint. is the most important problem observed in the apples growing in the province. Especially if the disease pressure is high, it cannot be controlled and thus it causes a significant loss in yield and quality despite the intensive spraying against the disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether this problem originated from fungicide sensitivity. Sensitivities of V. inaequalis isolates to hexaconazole (DMI), trifloxystrobin (Strobilurin) and Captan (Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide) were determined for twenty isolates by measuring the germination rate of conidiospore obtained from single scab lesions. According to ED50 value, the isolates treated with captan and hexaconazole varied from 0.01 to 0.3 µg/ml. The sensitivity of the isolates to both fungicides was found less than the sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. The isolates treated with trifloxystrobin were divided in two groups (0.01-0.03 and 0.03-01 µg/ml). On the other hand, according to minimum inhibition concentration, the isolates at captan and trifloxystrobin were in three groups (0.3-1; 1-3 and 3- 10 µg/ml), however for hexaconazole they were in two groups (1-3 and 3-10 µg/ml). In vitro studies showed that the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to Demethylation Inhibitor fungicide hexaconazole and Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide fungicide captan was reduced

Resistance of Venturia inaequalis to hexaconazole, trifloxistrobin and captan

4.3% of 2.2 million tons of apple produced in Turkey annually is obtained from Çanakkale. Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke.) Wint. is the most important problem observed in the apples growing in the province. Especially if the disease pressure is high, it cannot be controlled and thus it causes a significant loss in yield and quality despite the intensive spraying against the disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether this problem originated from fungicide sensitivity. Sensitivities of V. inaequalis isolates to hexaconazole (DMI), trifloxystrobin (Strobilurin) and Captan (Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide) were determined for twenty isolates by measuring the germination rate of conidiospore obtained from single scab lesions. According to ED50 value, the isolates treated with captan and hexaconazole varied from 0.01 to 0.3 µg/ml. The sensitivity of the isolates to both fungicides was found less than the sensitivity to trifloxystrobin. The isolates treated with trifloxystrobin were divided in two groups (0.01-0.03 and 0.03-01 µg/ml). On the other hand, according to minimum inhibition concentration, the isolates at captan and trifloxystrobin were in three groups (0.3-1; 1-3 and 3- 10 µg/ml), however for hexaconazole they were in two groups (1-3 and 3-10 µg/ml). In vitro studies showed that the sensitivity of V. inaequalis to Demethylation Inhibitor fungicide hexaconazole and Trichloromethylthiocarboxamide fungicide captan was reduced

Online counseling and ethics: A systematic review of empirical research

Problem: The development of the ethical guidelines of counseling was based on face-to-face practices; however, the prevalence of online counseling (OC) has increased over time and has brought new ethical issues. It would be beneficial to learn the experiences and views of mental health professionals on ethical issues in OC for effective regulation of ethical guidelines, including online practices. The purpose of the present study is to systematically review existing empirical research on the ethical dimensions of OC from the mental health professionals‟ perspective over the past two decades

Comparative analysis of the USA’s Washington Ferries and road transport carbon emissions using the Trozzi and Vaccaro and Greatest Integer functions

Countries’ sectors are currently under great scrutiny for their response to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profle and the general efect of the sectoral activities on the environment. As in the agenda of all sectors, environmental concerns and investigations are of high importance in shipping and maritime transport. Amidst the rising forms of globalization, the need for sustainable transportation is constantly increasing. However, the machines that are the cornerstone of transportation largely depend on fossil fuels, thus resulting in environmental degradation. Notably, environmental-related degradation has continued to account for global warming, climate change, and ocean acidifcation. Shipping is considered the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per ton per mile of transported unit load when compared against road transportation. In this study, six ferry lines (FLs) of Washington State Ferries were calculated to compare ship-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with those from road transportation as if the carried vehicles had used the highway instead of transport by FL. While making these calculations, the Greatest Integer function (GIF) and Trozzi and Vaccaro function (TVF) were utilized. From the examined three scenarios, i.e., all passengers travel by car instead of ferry as scenario 1, all ferries carry both cars and passengers as scenario 2, and all car-free passengers travel by bus instead of ferry as scenario 3, the outlined results are as follows: (i) none of the cars were carried by the ferry, and car free passengers preferred traveling by their own cars as observed in scenario 1; (ii) hypothetical scenarios (1 to 3) in which the road vehicles carried on FLs had instead used the highway, and the total potential CO2 emissions of these road vehicles were calculated as 2,638,858.138, 704,958.2998, and 1,394,148.577 tonnes per year, respectively. Policy-wise, this study revealed the management strategies for CO2 emissions reduction for two transport modes, shipping and road transportation, under current conditions.publishedVersio

Mahzun veda

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 49/A-Aşık Mahzuni Şeri

Testing the Lucas critique for the Turkish money demand function

This paper aims to test the prevalence of the Lucas critique by use of an applied modelling approach. The Turkish narrow money demand is chosen for investigation purposes and an extensive statistical-based econometric application has been carried out to observe whether the model in question has been exposed to the content of such a critique. The results confirm the theory to explain the behavioral foundations of aggregate monetary economics approaches and reveal that no evidence can be found in favor of the non-rejection of the Lucas critique that leads us to infer that the modelling attempt can be considered by the researcher a feedback model which is able to encompass a whole class of expectation models

Asymptomatic mass in the tail of the pancreas: Intrapancreatic accessory spleen

We present a 48-year-old male patient with a mass in the tail of the pancreas on abdominal ultrasonography. The lesion was suspicious for a well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and spleen preserved distal pancreatectomy surgery was performed. It was diagnosed as intrapancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS) after pathological examination. Accessory spleen is not an infrequent congenital entity caused by the localization of normal splenic tissue in ectopic regions. As it is known, an accessory spleen is a benign entity and does not require surgical treatment or follow-up when detected. However, it is important to recognize IPAS tissue as it may mimic a pancreatic neoplasia when it is located in the pancreas. In this article, we discuss the differential diagnostic possibilities of the IPAS entity

Recent protectionism policies in G-8 countries

2008 yılı sonunda başlayan ve tüm dünyayı etkileyen küresel kriz sonrası ülkeler, 1929 yılında olduğu gibi kendilerini korumak için çeşitli politikalar yürürlüğe koymuşlardır. GATT sonrasında ülkeler ticareti kısıtlayıcı, korumacı davranışlara istediklerinde başvuramamışlardır. Anlaşma ülkelere belirli şartlarda korumacı politikaları kullanabilecekleri yönünde imkan sağlamıştır. Ülkeler de bu durumu göz önüne alarak daha çok görünmez engeller olarak tabir edilen ticareti açıktan, direk etkileyen önlemler değil de, tespit edilmesi güç ancak koruma anlamında etkili önlemler almışlardır. 2008 yılında yaklaşık 200 olan önlemler, 2010 yılında yaklaşık 1000, 2012 yılı sonunda 2200, 2015 yılı sonunda korumacı önlem sayısı yaklaşık 4800 olmuştur. 2016 yılına gelindiğinde geçen 8 yıla rağmen uygulanan önlemlerin 5100‟ün üzerinde olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. 2008 yılından günümüze kadar uygulanan 5100‟ün üzerinde önlemi uygulayan ilk beş ülke (Hindistan 510, Rusya 490, ABD 390, Arjantin 350, Brezilya 290) 2030 önlem uygulamıştır.G-8 ülkeleri tarafından uygulanan 200 üzeri korumacı önlemden etkilenen ülkelere bakıldığında; Kanada 228, Çin 544, Fransa 279, Almanya 301, Hindistan 211, Polonya 208, Kore 266, İspanya 212, Türkiye 208, Ukrayna 207, İngiltere 251, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 278 önlemden zarar görmüştür. Bu önlemler aslında G-8 ülkelerinin kendi uyguladıkları korumacı önlemlerden yine kendilerinin etkilendiğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır.Following the global crisis started towards the end of 2008 and affected the whole world, the countries put various policies into action in order to protect themselves as in 1929. After GATT, the countries couldn‟t implement trade restricting, protectionist actions whenever they wanted. The agreement provided countries the opportunity of using protectionist policies under certain circumstances. Taking those situations into consideration, the countries took measures which were commonly described as invisible handicaps, and in terms of trade, not directly affecting measures but hard to identify and effective in protecting. The number of protectionist measures that were nearly 200 in 2008 increased to 1000 in 2010, to 2200 at the end of 2012, and to 4800 at the end of 2015. When it comes to 2016, it has been assessed that the measures taken have already been over 5100 when compared to the last 8 years. Among the countries that have taken over 5100 measures from 2008 till now, the first five countries (India 510, Russia 490, USA 390, Argentina 350, Brazil 290) have taken 2030 measures in total themselves. When looked at the countries that are affected from over 200 protectionist policies implemented by G-8 countries, Canada has been affected from 228, China from 544, France from 279, Germany from 301, India from 211, Poland from 208, Korea from 266, Spain from 212, Turkey from 208, Ukraine from 207, England from 251 and USA from 278

Modeling and fabrication of electrostatically actuated diaphragms for on-chip valving of MEMS-compatible microfluidic systems

This paper presents an analytical model to estimate the actuation potential of an electrostatic parylene-C diaphragm, processed on a glass wafer using standard microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) process technology, and integrable to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based lab-on-a-chip systems to construct a normally-closed microvalve for flow manipulation. The accurate estimation of the pull-in voltage of the diaphragm is critical to preserve the feasibility of integration. Thus, we introduced an analytical model, in a good agreement with the finite element method (FEM), to extend the solution of the pull-in instability by including the effect of nonlinear stretching for multilayered circular diaphragms. We characterized the operation of fabricated diaphragms with a 300 mu m radius for the parameters, including pull-in voltage (221 V on average), opening and closing response times (in microseconds), repeatability (more than 50 times), and touch area (25.3% +/- 2.6% at pull-in potential). The experimental pull-in voltage shows close accuracy with the predicted results. Moreover, the diaphragm, sealed with a PDMS microchannel, was tested under fluid flow to prove the applicability of microfluidic integration. The hybrid fabrication method enables the realization of optically transparent and durable electrostatic microvalves for complex functioning of polymer-based microfluidic systems, as the extended analytical formulation permits accurate modeling of operation.This paper presents an analytical model to estimate the actuation potential of an electrostatic parylene-C diaphragm, processed on a glass wafer using standard microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) process technology, and integrable to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based lab-on-a-chip systems to construct a normally-closed microvalve for flow manipulation. The accurate estimation of the pull-in voltage of the diaphragm is critical to preserve the feasibility of integration. Thus, we introduced an analytical model, in a good agreement with the finite element method (FEM), to extend the solution of the pull-in instability by including the effect of nonlinear stretching for multilayered circular diaphragms. We characterized the operation of fabricated diaphragms with a 300 µm radius for the parameters, including pull-in voltage (221 V on average), opening and closing response times (in microseconds), repeatability (more than 50 times), and touch area (25.3% ± 2.6% at pull-in potential). The experimental pull-in voltage shows close accuracy with the predicted results. Moreover, the diaphragm, sealed with a PDMS microchannel, was tested under fluid flow to prove the applicability of microfluidic integration. The hybrid fabrication method enables the realization of optically transparent and durable electrostatic microvalves for complex functioning of polymer-based microfluidic systems, as the extended analytical formulation permits accurate modeling of operation