Impact Analysis of Energy Storage Participating in Peak Shaving and Valley Filling for Distribution Network on Network Loss and Voltage Deviation

[Introduction] The application scenarios of peak shaving and valley filling by energy storage connected to the distribution network are studied to clarify the influence of energy storage access on network losses and voltage quality on the distribution network side. [Method] The paper analyzed the change trend of network loss power with the energy storage injection current and access position during peak hours of energy storage discharge, and then analyzed the change trend of network loss power with the energy storage injection current and access position when the energy storage system was connected and charged during valley hours. For the influence of energy storage connected to the distribution network for peak shaving and valley filling on the voltage of the distribution network, the influence of different energy storage injection currents and access positions on the voltage distribution along the distribution network was studied from the perspective of energy storage discharge during peak hours and energy storage charging during valley hours. Finally, considering the total voltage deviation index of the distribution network, the influence on the total voltage deviation index after the distribution network which was connected to energy storage was studied. [Result] Through simulation calculations, the influence trend of energy storage participating in peak shaving and valley filling for the distribution network on network loss power and voltage loss is analyzed when different fixed or continuous values of energy storage current and access position are taken, and it is compared with theoretical analysis. [Conclusion] The study will provide useful references for the coordinated planning and optimized operation of various energy storage facilities in the distribution network, and it has good engineering reference value

Factors that affect the growth and photosynthesis of the filamentous green algae, Chaetomorpha valida, in static sea cucumber aquaculture ponds with high salinity and high pH

Chaetomorpha valida, dominant filamentous green algae, can be harmful to sea cucumber growth in aquaculture ponds of China. In order to understand the environmental factors affecting the growth of C. valida in sea cucumber aquaculture ecosystems, a combination of field investigations and laboratory experiments were conducted. Field surveys over one year revealed that C. valida survived in sea cucumber aquaculture ponds in salinities ranging from 24.3 ± 0.01‰ to 32.0 ± 0.02‰ and a pH range of 7.5 ± 0.02–8.6 ± 0.04. The high salinity and pH during the period of low C. valida biomass from January to May lay the foundation for its rapid growth in the following months of June to October. Many factors interact in the field environment, thus, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the isolated effects of pH and salinity on C. valida growth. In laboratory experiments, samples were incubated under different salinity and pH conditions at 25 °C, with a light intensity of 108 μmol photon·m−2·s−1, and a photoperiod of 12 L:12 D. Results showed that salinity and pH significantly affect the growth and Fv/Fm (quantum yield of photosynthesis) of C. valida (p < 0.01). C. valida grew the longest at a salinity of 34‰ and a pH of 8.0. At 34‰ salinity, C. valida grew to 26.44 ± 5.89 cm in 16 days. At a pH of 8.0, C. valida grew to 67.96 ± 4.45 cm in 32 days. Fv/Fm was 0.635 ± 0.002 at a salinity of 32‰, and 0.550 ± 0.006 to 0.660± 0.001 at pH 7.0 to 8.5. Based on these results, we conclude that C. valida can bloom in sea cucumber ponds due to the high salinity and pH of coastal sea waters, which promote growth and maintain the photosynthetic activity of C. valida

Geminally biotinylated cyclotriphosphazenes as molecular binding probe

Biotinylated cyclotriphosphazenes polymer (g-BTP) with germinal octopus-like molecular shape has been prepared and characterized by 31P-NMR, 1H-NMR and Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (Maldi-Tof-Ms). Analysis of the size distribution of the complexes showed that the aggregated g-BTP/avidin complexes were rather polydispersed and uniform as compared to complexes formed by random coil biotinylated linear polymer (BLP) and avidin. Binding kinetics studies show that both of g-BTP and BLP can bind avidin very quickly. The binding ability as evaluated by Scatchard plot indicates the binding ability of g-BTP to be about 5.5 times that of BLP

Bulk flow of halos in \Lambda CDM simulation

Analysis of the Pangu N-body simulation validates that the bulk flow of halos follows a Maxwellian distribution which variance is consistent with the prediction of the linear theory of structure formation. We propose that the consistency between the observed bulk velocity and theories should be examined at the effective scale of the radius of a spherical top-hat window function yielding the same smoothed velocity variance in linear theory as the sample window function does. We compared some recently estimated bulk flows from observational samples with the prediction of the \Lambda CDM model we used; some results deviate from expectation at a level of ~ 3\sigma but the discrepancy is not as severe as previously claimed. We show that bulk flow is only weakly correlated with the dipole of the internal mass distribution, the alignment angle between the mass dipole and the bulk flow has a broad distribution peaked at ~ 30-50 deg., and also that the bulk flow shows little dependence on the mass of the halos used in the estimation. In a simulation of box size 1Gpc/h, for a cell of radius 100 Mpc/h the maximal bulk velocity is >500 km/s, dipoles of the environmental mass outside the cell are not tightly aligned with the bulk flow, but are rather located randomly around it with separation angles ~ 20-40 deg. In the fastest cell there is a slightly smaller number of low-mass halos; however halos inside are clustered more strongly at scales > ~ 20 Mpc/h, which might be a significant feature since the correlation between bulk flow and halo clustering actually increases in significance beyond such scales.Comment: Expanded discussion on effect of selection function, in together with other minor revision. ApJ in pres

Comparative transcriptomics of 5 high-altitude vertebrates and their low-altitude relatives

Abstract Background: Species living at high altitude are subject to strong selective pressures due to inhospitable environments (e.g., hypoxia, low temperature, high solar radiation, and lack of biological production), making these species valuable models for comparative analyses of local adaptation. Studies that have examined high-altitude adaptation have identified a vast array of rapidly evolving genes that characterize the dramatic phenotypic changes in high-altitude animals. However, how high-altitude environment shapes gene expression programs remains largely unknown. Findings: We generated a total of 910 Gb of high-quality RNA-seq data for 180 samples derived from 6 tissues of 5 agriculturally important high-altitude vertebrates (Tibetan chicken, Tibetan pig, Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goat, and yak) and their cross-fertile relatives living in geographically neighboring low-altitude regions. Of these, ∼75% reads could be aligned to their respective reference genomes, and on average ∼60% of annotated protein coding genes in each organism showed FPKM expression values greater than 0.5. We observed a general concordance in topological relationships between the nucleotide alignments and gene expression–based trees. Tissue and species accounted for markedly more variance than altitude based on either the expression or the alternative splicing patterns. Cross-species clustering analyses showed a tissue-dominated pattern of gene expression and a species-dominated pattern for alternative splicing. We also identified numerous differentially expressed genes that could potentially be involved in phenotypic divergence shaped by high-altitude adaptation. Conclusions: These data serve as a valuable resource for examining the convergence and divergence of gene expression changes between species as they adapt or acclimatize to high-altitude environments

Ensuring water resource security in China; the need for advances in evidence based policy to support sustainable management.

China currently faces a water resource sustainability problem which is likely to worsen into the future. The Chinese government is attempting to address this problem through legislative action, but faces severe challenges in delivering its high ambitions. The key challenges revolve around the need to balance water availability with the need to feed a growing population under a changing climate and its ambitions for increased economic development. This is further complicated by the complex and multi-layered government departments, often with overlapping jurisdictions, which are not always aligned in their policy implementation and delivery mechanisms. There remain opportunities for China to make further progress and this paper reports on the outcomes of a science-to-policy roundtable meeting involving scientists and policy-makers in China. It identifies, in an holistic manner, new opportunities for additional considerations for policy implementation, continued and new research requirements to ensure evidence-based policies are designed and implemented and identifies the needs and opportunities to effectively monitor their effectiveness. Other countries around the world can benefit from assessing this case study in China

Review of advanced road materials, structures, equipment, and detection technologies

As a vital and integral component of transportation infrastructure, pavement has a direct and tangible impact on socio-economic sustainability. In recent years, an influx of groundbreaking and state-of-the-art materials, structures, equipment, and detection technologies related to road engineering have continually and progressively emerged, reshaping the landscape of pavement systems. There is a pressing and growing need for a timely summarization of the current research status and a clear identification of future research directions in these advanced and evolving technologies. Therefore, Journal of Road Engineering has undertaken the significant initiative of introducing a comprehensive review paper with the overarching theme of “advanced road materials, structures, equipment, and detection technologies”. This extensive and insightful review meticulously gathers and synthesizes research findings from 39 distinguished scholars, all of whom are affiliated with 19 renowned universities or research institutions specializing in the diverse and multidimensional field of highway engineering. It covers the current state and anticipates future development directions in the four major and interconnected domains of road engineering: advanced road materials, advanced road structures and performance evaluation, advanced road construction equipment and technology, and advanced road detection and assessment technologies

Chinese Dialect-Based Speaker Classification and Pronunciation Assessment Using Structural Representation of Speech

In modern speech processing technologies, segmental features of speech are usually represented acoustically by spectrum, which contains not only linguistic information but also extra-linguistic information corresponding to age, gender, speaker, microphone, and so on. If one wants to classify speakers using their utterances purely based on their dialects, only the dialectal differences should be focused on and the extra-linguistic features should be removed or canceled. In fact, for the problems of automatic speech recognition, very similar problems are raised where the linguistic features of speech invariant or robust to extra-linguistic factors are desired. Therefore, a method to build so-called speaker-independent models is studied by collecting the data of many speakers trying to cover all the extra-linguistic features. About some linguistic studies, in order to compare the vowel realizations of different speakers in linguistic and sociolinguistic meaningful ways, normalization techniques are used to capture the differences. However, these methods may not work well in the problem of Chinese dialect-based speaker classification. For this problem, the linguistic features invariant to extra-linguistic factors should be extracted from the dialect utterances of individual speakers. In our previous works, a structural representation of speech is proposed to extract the speech contrasts or dynamics by removing extra-linguistic features from speech and it is already applied to speech recognition, speech synthesis and helping Japanese learning English. In my study, the structural method is further applied to Chinese dialect pronunciations representation and dialect-based speaker classification is achieved by building comparable dialect structures to extract the speaker-invariant purely linguistic features from Chinese dialects. At the beginning, based on the phonological features of Chinese dialects, utterances of syllable units (characters) are proposed as the reading materials to built pronunciation structures. Then several different lists of Chinese written characters, which are original proposed by Chinese dialectologists to check the dialect pronunciation of different speakers, are adopted as the reading materials to built dialect-sensitive comparable dialect pronunciation structures. After that, using the dialectal utterances of the reading materials, dialect pronunciation structure is built for every speaker by calculating the Bhattacharyya distances between the distributions of any pair of his/her utterances. Because Bhattacharyya distance is invariant to affine transformations and extra-linguistic features perform as affine transformations in spectral space, the built dialect pronunciation structure is invariant to extra-linguistic features in speech. Therefore, speaker-invariant dialect-based speaker classification can be achieved by building the dialect pronunciation structures for the speakers and calculating the distances between their pronunciation structures. In order to verify my proposal, several different classification experiments are carried out. At the beginning, a dialect-based speaker classification experiment is carried out. Because publicly available Chinese dialect corpora cover only two or three dialects and cannot be used for this problem, a new database of Chinese dialects is built and the dialect data of 17 speakers are recorded. Then all the data are labeled manually and the syllables are cut and converted into distributions. After that, for every speaker, the BDs between any pair of his/her utterances are calculated and the pronunciation structure is built. Then speaker classification experiment is carried out by calculating the distances between their pronunciation structures. The result shows that the speakers are well classified by their dialects and the result is independent to extra-linguistic features such as the gender and age of the speakers. After that, this structural method is verified by a sub-dialect based speaker classification experiment. At the beginning, a new database of sub-dialects is built and the sub-dialect data of 16 speakers from 4 sub-dialects regions of Mandarin and the data are recorded. Then using the same method as last experiment, sub-dialect pronunciation structures are built and these speakers are classified by calculating the distances between their pronunciation structures. By the result, it is found that the speakers from the same dialect cities are all clustered together and the speakers from the same sub-dialect regions are also mainly classified near to each other, except one exception that 4 speakers from ZhongYuan sub-dialect regions are classified to two different sub-trees. Several possible reasons for it are discussed: these speakers are also graduate students in Tianjin and their sub-dialects may be affected by the sub-dialect there to different degrees; the traditional linguistic classification of these sub-dialects are carried out based on several different features of the whole syllable but our method of structural classification is only focusing on the acoustic features of the finals. Anyway, neither of these possible reasons can be proved. So a new evaluation method is proposed to prove that the dialect-based speaker classification using our structural method is not affected by the features of the speakers. In order to prove that our method can classify speakers by extracting the speaker-invariant linguistic features no matter which kind of dialect are they speaking, new comparison experiments are designed with original dialect data and mimicked dialect data with minimum speaker differences. For these experiments, I carried out some new recordings in China and the data of speakers from 10 sub-dialects of 5 dialect regions were recorded. Then every utterance of this data set is linguistically mimicked by an expert of Chinese dialects and a new data set with fixed speaker identity (minimum speaker differences) is built. After that, using the original and mimicked data separately, dialect-based speaker classification experiments are carried out. It is found that the two results are almost the same as each other, although one is obtained using the dialect data spoken by different speakers and the other is obtained using the dialect data with fixed speaker identity. It means that our method of classify speakers based on their dialects using structural method is really invariant to speakers. Also, our method of structural pronunciation comparison is compared with conventional spectral comparison using data sets with maximum speaker differences. At the beginning, corresponding to the original and mimicked dialect data used above, new data are converted just like they are pronounced by a very tall speaker and a very short speaker and new data sets with maximum speaker differences are built. Then using these data, classification experiments based on spectral comparisons are carried out. The results show that the classifications are affected greatly by the speaker features. After that, these speakers are classified using our structural method and the results show that they are well classified by their dialects and it is not affected by the speaker differences at all. So our method is proved again that it can classify speakers based on their dialects by extracting the purely linguistic features and the result is not affected by the speaker features like the conventional spectral comparison. Further, the structural method is applied to estimating the utterance similarity orders between two speakers. Using the dialect data of 2 Min speakers of different genders and the data of 2 standard Mandarin speakers of different genders, experiments are carried out to estimate the utterance similarity orders among them using our structural method. The results show that very similar similarity orders are obtained for the dialect speakers from the same dialect regions and the results are robust to the genders of the speakers. Also, this structural method is applied to pronunciation assessment of accented Mandarin. At the beginning, the accented Mandarin pronunciation structures are built and compared with the pronunciation structures of standard Mandarin. Then a structural score is obtained for every utterance. After that, these utterances are evaluated manually and the manual evaluated sores are compared with the structural scores. Meanwhile, the data are recognized by a new built Mandarin recognizer and the results are compared with the above two scores. However, the correlation coefficients between these scores are not satisfactory, although some correlations can be found by the results. Therefore, substructures are built to assess the accented Mandarin pronunciations. By adding or deleting utterances to built sub-structures, the pronunciations of accented Mandarin speakers are compared with standard Mandarin speakers and the best correlation coefficient is obtained at about 0.4. Through the above works I have done, it is proved that the structural pronunciation representation can extract the speaker-invariant purely speaker features and classify Chinese dialect speakers based on their dialects. Then we are planning to apply this approach to drawing a new Chinese dialect atlas by calculating the acoustic distances among Chinese dialects, and this result can be further applied to speech processing of multi-dialects. Furthermore, if more data of standard Mandarin pronunciation and well labeled accented Mandarin pronunciation are obtained, I also want to continue the study of pronunciation assessment of accented Mandarin using sub-structure method.報告番号: 甲26432 ; 学位授与年月日: 2010-09-27 ; 学位の種別: 課程博士 ; 学位の種類: 博士(科学) ; 学位記番号: 博創域第622号 ; 研究科・専攻: 新領域創成科学研究科基盤科学研究系基盤情報学専