International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Constraining ribbon rock dolomitization by Mg isotopes: Implications for the ‘dolomite problem’

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. Modern dolomite formation is conditional and restricted in specific environmental and geochemical conditions, accordingly cannot be used as the analog of ancient dolostones, which normally have platform-wide distribution. The key to understand ancient dolostone formation is to find a dolomitization process that is independent of physical/geochemical environments. It is well-known that ribbon rock (one type of calcareous rhythmites, sensu stricto referring to the alternating limestone and marlstone layers or the limestone-marl alternations) that are deposited in nearly all marine environments throughout the Earth\u27s history, are exclusively, though normally partially, dolomitized. Thus, understanding ribbon rock dolomitization may provide valuable insight into the ‘dolomite problem’. In this study, we measured Mg isotopic compositions (δ26Mg) of ribbon rock samples collected from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South China. The marlstone layers contain higher dolomite contents and are characterized by higher δ26Mg (ranging from − 2.68‰ to − 1.84‰) than the limestone layers (varying between − 3.21‰ and − 2.53‰). A numerical model calculation indicates that clay minerals cannot provide enough Mg for dolomitization, arguing against the traditional interpretation that dolomitization is resulted from diagenetic Mg release from clays. Instead, contemporaneous seawater might provide sufficient Mg for dolomitization, because both Mg isotopes and dolomite content can be simulated by the Diffusion-Advection-Reaction model. Contemporaneous seawater dolomitization requires kinetic barrier be overcome at shallow depth of sediments. We propose the ribbon rock dolomitization is attributed to differential diagenesis of the clay-rich and clay-poor sediment layers, in which Ca2 +-Mg2 + exchange elevates porewater Mg/Ca in clay-rich layers

Cable‐Car Electrocatalysis to Drive Fully Decoupled Water Splitting

Abstract The increasing demand for clean energy conversion and storage has increased interest in hydrogen production via electrolytic water splitting. However, the simultaneous production of hydrogen and oxygen in this process poses a challenge in extracting pure hydrogen without using ionic conducting membranes. Researchers have developed various innovative designs to overcome this issue, but continuous water splitting in separated tanks remains a desirable approach. This study presents a novel, continuous roll‐to‐roll process that enables fully decoupled hydrogen evaluation reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in two separate electrolyte tanks. The system utilizes specially designed “cable‐car” electrodes (CCE) that cycle between the HER and OER tanks, resulting in continuous hydrogen production with a purity of over 99.9% and Coulombic efficiency of 98% for prolonged periods. This membrane‐free water splitting system offers promising prospects for scaled‐up industrial‐scale green hydrogen production, as it reduces the cost and complexity of the system, and allows for the use of renewable energy sources to power the electrolysis process, thus reducing the carbon footprint of hydrogen production

Two single nucleotide polymorphisms sites in α1-AT gene and their association with somatic cell score in Chinese Holstein cows

Abstract Background Alpha 1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) may affect the susceptibility of mastitis in dairy cattle for its possible role in the protection of lactoferrin from proteolytic degradation in the mammary. Milk somatic cell score (SCS) is a logarithmic transformation of the milk somatic cell count widely used as an index to evaluate mastitis. To study the relationships of α1-AT gene and SCS in Chinese Holstein cows, methods of PCR-SSCP, DNA sequencing, PCR-RFLP, and CRS-PCR technologies were used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms sites in α1-AT gene. Results Two polymorphic sites at G5503A and G5746C of α1-AT gene were found. AA (0.3633), AB (0.4644) and BB (0.1723) genotypes were detected at G5503A site, CC (0.3483), CD (0.4906) and DD (0.1611) genotypes were found at G5746C in Chinese Holstein cows. Least squares mean of SCS for individuals with BB genotype was significantly lower than that with AA and AB genotype (p  0.05). Least squares mean of SCS for individuals with BBDD genotype combination were significantly lower than those with AACC and AACD (p < 0.05). Conclusions Statistical analysis indicated that B allele and BBDD genotype combination of α1-AT can improve mastitis resistance in dairy cattle

LncRNA CamK-A Regulates Ca2+-Signaling-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling

Cancer cells entail metabolic adaptation and microenvironmental remodeling to survive and progress. Both calcium (Ca2+) flux and Ca2+-dependent signaling play a crucial role in this process, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Through RNA screening, we identified one long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) named CamK-A (lncRNA for calcium-dependent kinase activation) in tumorigenesis. CamK-A is highly expressed in multiple human cancers and involved in cancer microenvironment remodeling via activation of Ca2+-triggered signaling. Mechanistically, CamK-A activates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase PNCK, which in turn phosphorylates I kappa B alpha and triggers calcium-dependent nuclear factor KB (NF-kappa B) activation. This regulation results in the tumor microenvironment remodeling, including macrophage recruitment, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Notably, our human-patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model studies demonstrate that targeting CamK-A robustly impaired cancer development. Clinically, CamK-A expression coordinates with the activation of CaMK-NF-kappa B axis, and its high expression indicates poor patient survival rate, suggesting its role as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target