Geometric morphometrics reveals shifts in flower shape symmetry and size following gene knockdown of CYCLOIDEA and ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE

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Suitability of the Cropping System Some Varieties of Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine Max L.) with Intercropping System on Dry Lands

Intercropping is an attempt from agriculture's intensification program which purposes to obtain optimum yield and maintain soil's fertility. This research aims to know whether intercropping systems have better crops and higher yields than monoculture systems. This research was conduct on May-August 2020 at Trengguno Kidul, Sidorejo, Ponjong, Gunung Kidul. The design of the experiment was arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) one factor and three blocks. One factor namely ST 1: soybean monoculture Dega variety, ST2: maize monoculture Dega 1 variety, ST 3: Maize monoculture Srikandi Ungu variety, ST 4: Intercropping system of soybean Dega 1variety with maize Pulut Uti 1 variety, ST 5: Intercropping system of soybean Dega 1 variety and maize Nasa 29 variety, ST 6: Intercropping system of soybean Dega 1 variety with maize Pulut Uri 1 variety, ST 7: Intercropping system of soybean Dega 1 variety and maize Srikandi Ungu variety. Data were analyzed statistically using SAS (Statistical Analysis System) ANOVA 5% and further tested with the Duncan test at a significant level of 5%. The results show soybean on monoculture system has better growth and yield than intercropping while on maize of Pulut Uri and Nasa 29 plant intercropping system has the same growth and yield than monoculture. Combination intercropping of maize variety namely Srikandi Ungu and Soybean variety namely Dega proved better growth and yield

Somaclonal variation on in vitro callus culture potato cultivars Variação somaclonal in vitro em cultura de calos de cultivares de batata

Synthetic seeds can be an alternative for those species in which botanical seeds are not viable. One of the major problems of in vitro plant cultivation is the high level of somaclonal variation. The most common factors affecting somaclonal variation are genotype, explant source, in vitro period and cultivation conditions in which the culture is established. In this work, calli were induced using leaf and stem explants of the commercial potato cultivars Achat, Baraka, Baronesa, Bintje, and Contenda in MS culture media supplemented with 1.65 mM of picloram and 11.5 mM of 2,4-D. Seventy and 90 days after induction, DNA samples of 40 calli were compared concerning the effects of the two explant (leaf and stem) and two growth regulator sources on five potatoes cultivars. A total of 20 arbitrary sequence primers were evaluated. The RAPD pattern generated by these primers suggested a high percentage of polymorphic fragments among the five genotypes, indicating a high level of genetic variation among cultivars. Cultivar Baronesa showed the highest number of polymorphic fragments for all treatments. The cultivar Contenda showed the smallest somaclonal variation, for most of the treatments, except for the treatment which consisted of stem explants, picloram (1.65 mM) application, and a 70-day period of callus formation. 'Contenda' is, therefore, the most suitable cultivar for synthetic seed production.<br>A produção de sementes sintéticas pode ser uma altenativa para culturas, cuja produção de sementes botânicas não é viável. Um dos principais problemas do cultivo de planta in vitro é o alto nível de variação somaclonal resultante. Os fatores mais comuns que afetam a variação somaclonal são genótipo, fonte de explante e duração e condições de cultivo. Neste trabalho, calos foram induzidos utilizando explantes de folha e caule das cultivares comerciais de batata Achat, Baraka, Baronesa, Bintje e Contenda em meio de cultura MS, suplementado com 1.65 µM de picloram ou 11.5 µM de 2,4-D. Após 70 e 90 dias de indução, amostras de DNA de 40 calos foram analisadas por meio de RAPD, em um estudo comparativo entre os efeitos das duas fontes de explante e os dois reguladores de crescimento nas 5 cultivares. Para este propósito, 20 primers de seqüência arbitrária foram testados. No padrão RAPD gerado por estes primers observou-se alta porcentagem de fragmentos polimóficos entre os 5 genótipos, indicando alto nível de variação genética entre as cultivares. A cultivar Baronesa apresentou o mais alto número de fragmentos polimórficos para os tratamentos. A cultivar Contenda apresentou a menor variação somaclonal genética entre os genótipos e tratamentos utilizados, exceto para o tratamento que consistiu de caule como explante, uso de picloram (1.65 mM) e 70 dias para formação de calos. Portanto, 'Contenda' é a cultivar mais adequada para a produção de sementes sintéticas