Earthquake-induced ground failure hazards in the Reno-Sparks region, Washoe County, Nevada

Online access for this thesis was created in part with support from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) administered by the Nevada State Library, Archives and Public Records through the Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA). To obtain a high quality image or document please contact the DeLaMare Library at https://unr.libanswers.com/ or call: 775-784-6945.Earthquake-induced ground failure hazards associated with liquefaction and landsliding are identified and mapped throughout the urbanized and developing areas of the Reno- Sparks region. Separate maps, produced at 1:62,500 scale, identify areas susceptible to liquefaction and landsliding. Liquefaction susceptibility mapping is based on a compilation of more than 500 bore holes. Where bore hole density is sufficient, the critical acceleration to cause liquefaction during a M 7.5 earthquake, values were contoured to yield the map pattern. The critical accelerations refer to acceleration at the ground surface, not bedrock accelerations. The potential for liquefaction at a site is strongly influenced by the properties of the soil underlying the site and resonance effects. The influence of these local site conditions are not included in this study. Where data density is sparse or nonexistent, liquefaction susceptibility mapping is based on published geology and groundwater conditions. Landslide hazards addressed in this study include: 1) rockfall, 2) rotational rock slides and 3) shallow soil slides. These three slide types are considered the most pertinent to discussions involving earthquake induced slides given the geologic, climatic and geomorphic conditions of the Reno-Sparks region

2-(6-Bromo-3-pyrid­yl)-8-methyl­imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine

The structure of the title compound, C12H9BrN4, prepared by the reaction of 2-bromo-1-(6-bromo-3-pyrid­yl)ethanone with 2-amino-3-methyl­pyrazine indicates that the compound with the bromo­pyridyl substituent at position 2 of the imidazopyrazine fused-ring system represents the major product of this reaction. The plane of the pyridine ring forms a dihedral angle of 16.2 (2)° with the essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.006 Å) imidazopyrazine system. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯N inter­actions

Rapid on-site identification of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes using person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Part 1: Air sampling and analysis

Recent advancements in person-portable instrumentation have resulted in the potential to provide contemporaneous results through rapid in-field analyses. These technologies can be utilised in emergency response scenarios to aid first responders in appropriate site risk assessment and management. Large metropolitan fires can pose great risk to human and environmental health due to the rapid release of hazardous compounds into the atmosphere. Understanding the release of these hazardous organics is critical in understanding their associated risks. Person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was evaluated for its potential to provide rapid on-site analysis for real-time monitoring of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes. Air sampling and analysis methods were developed for scenes of this nature. Controlled field testing demonstrated that the portable GC-MS was able to provide preliminary analytical results on the volatile organic compounds present in air samples collected from both active and extinguished fires. In-field results were confirmed using conventional laboratory-based air sampling and analysis procedures. The deployment of portable instrumentation could provide first responders with a rapid on-site assessment tool for the appropriate management of scenes, thereby ensuring environmental and human health is proactively protected and scientifically informed decisions are made for the provision of timely advice to stakeholders

Rapid on-site identification of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes using person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Part 2: Water sampling and analysis

Building and factory fires pose a great risk to human and environmental health, due to the release of hazardous by-products of combustion. These hazardous compounds can dissipate into the environment through fire water run-off, and the impact can be immediate or chronic. Current laboratory-based methods do not report hazardous compounds released from a fire scene at the time and location of the event. Reporting of results is often delayed due to the complexities and logistics of laboratory-based sampling and analysis. These delays pose a risk to the health and wellbeing of the environment and exposed community. Recent developments in person-portable instrumentation have the potential to provide rapid analysis of samples in the field. A portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was evaluated for the on-site analysis of water samples for the identification of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes. The portable GC-MS was capable of detecting and identifying a range of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in fire water run-off, and can be used in conjunction with conventional laboratory analysis methods for a comprehensive understanding of hazardous organics released at fire scenes. Deployment of this portable instrumentation provides first responders with a rapid, on-site screening tool to appropriately manage the run-off water from firefighting activities. This ensures that environmental and human health is proactively protected

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Approaches to the total synthesis of bicyclomycin

Imperial Users onl

Variations in liveweight between steers following fasting periods of six to eighteen hours and access to water

Liveweight changes were measured using 105 yearling Brahman crossbred steers (mean liveweight 336 kg) which were held in yards and fasted (no feed or water) for 6, 12 and 18 hours (6F,12F,18F respectively). Each fasting period was followed by a 24 hour recovery period on water and then the steers were returned to pasture for 14 days. After 6, 12 and 18 hours of fasting the steers had lost 12, 17 and 24 kg respectively, on their initial liveweight. All steers recovered liveweight rapidly during the first 6 hours on water but thereafter continued to lose weight. During the total recovery period, the 6F and 12F groups lost more weight than the 18F group. Ranges in mean liveweight between groups were 11, 19, 13, and 10kg after 0, 6, 12 and 18hours of access to water. At the completion of this period there was no significant difference in liveweight beween groups. This study indicates that cattle which have fasted for short periods, should have access to water for at least 12hours before weighing at saleyards. Such a procedure should reduce the variation in liveweight between groups of cattle with the same on-farm liveweights