Continuous improvement in bispecifics manufacturing: Advantages and disadvantages of 2-cell vs. 1-cell culture process

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Vegetation and Selected Environmental Factors of Bukit Charas Limestone

The Limestone flora of Peninsular Malaysia is exceptionally rich in diversity and endemism but is under extreme threat. Moreover, the ecology of limestone plants is little understood. Bukit Charas stands out as one of the last sanctuaries for the flora of the Panching Limestone Formation. Therefore a floristic and ecological study were undertaken to document and conserve the hill. The flora in this study stood at 249 species in 175 genera and 82 families. The largest family is the Euphorbiaceae (19) followed by the Rubiaceae (18), Araceae (13), Annonaceae (10) and Lauraceae (7). Six rare species; (Suregada multiflora var lamellata, Ardisia sujJrutieosa, Teetaria eherasiea, Emarhendia bettiana, Monophyl/aea hendersonii and Polyalthia sp.) are recognised from Bukit Charas. Cluster analysis has identified four types of vegetation groups at the base of the hill (BASE), at the slope of the hill (SLOPE), at the talus slope (TALUS) and at the cave (CAVE). Plants, characteristic to the limestone habitat are found in the TALUS and CAVE groups. Twelve environmental variables have been used for ordination. Unrotated principal component analysis has reduced these variables to two components, i.e. calcium and magnesium; and kalium and carbonate. Two primary environmental gradients were identified with the Varimax-rotated principal component .analysis of environmental data: topographic situation and soil fertility. The TALUS and CAVE groups were significantly associated with high level of soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium. The TALUS group is also associated with high organic matter and the CAVE group with high carbonate content. The results of the species and quadrat ordination of the detrended correspondence analysis were similar to the principal component analysis. Three hypotheses are proposed: Firstly, the plant endemism in limestone habitat is greatly driven by edaphic factor and not by the need to avoid competition. Secondly, the high level of exchangeable calcium and magnesium, and high soil pH in the limestone soil act as important limiting factors for limestone endemics. These conditions are important requirements for limestone habitats. Thirdly, there exist limiting factors within a limestone habitat that create a niche partition among the limestone endemic species. The current threat to Bukit Charas flora is agricultural activities at the surrounding base of the hill. A buffer zone that stretched 50 m from the forest margin is proposed as a strategy to conserve Bukit Charas. Future study should be expanded to other hills for comparison and green house experiment should be undertaken to test the hypotheses

Genotype-environment interactions of data for fifteen years from Tennessee small grain variety trials

The objectives of this study were to obtain estimates of the relative magnitudes of the various types of genotype X environment interactions on variety evaluation procedures, and to determine the correlations of yield among all locations. Data from the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station performance trials from 1963 to 1977 were utilized for this research. Twenty-two varieties of winter wheat at eight locations, 15 varieties of winter barley and 11 varieties of winter oats at six locations were evaluated. The genotype X environment interactions were all significant, except genotype X year interaction for oats. The magnitudes of their components were relatively small in relation to genotype components, except genotype X year interactions for wheat and barley. These results indicated that there was an important differential response to specific environmental conditions which was not accounted for by locations, but some differential varietal responses might be accounted for by years. The correlations of variety performances for wheat and barley were significantly correlated among most of the locations. However those for oats were not significantly correlated among most of the locations. These results indicated that the varieties of wheat and barley were more generally adapted, whereas, varieties of oats were more restricted to certain locations. Yield testing in environments which tended to result in similar rankings of variety performance could be reduced to a smaller number of environments. This could result in substantial savings to a breeding project for the expensive task of yield testing

A study of radiation heat transfer in rectangular ducts and enclosures

The purpose of this study is to determine the radiant heat transfer in rectangular configurations and construct a general computer program. Two specific cases are studied in this work. The first case is a rectangular duct with openings at each end. The duct is separated into two sections which are called the source and the sink respectively. A linear temperature profile is imposed on the source section. The energy loss of both the source and the sink is investigated. The second case is a complete rectangular enclosure. The two end plates are called the source and the sink respectively. A linear temperature profile is imposed on the duct like section between the two plates. The energy loss of both the source and the sink is investigated. The method of analysis is Gebhart\u27s unified method. The computer programs are as generalized as possible. Each program contains two main parts: (A) The evaluation of the configuration factors between any two surfaces in the enclosure. (B) The evaluation of the radiant energy loss of the source and the sink --Abstract, page ii

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Cell-free synthesis of membrane bound polypeptides

Methods are provided for the utilization of bacterial cell-free extracts in the synthesis of high yields of membrane-associated polypeptides

Registration enabling campaign for accelerated development: A PPQ strategy with minimal early investments to enable fast to market development for a promising monoclonal antibody

Clinical development programs are increasingly designing trials and timelines with extra degrees of flexibility to allow for acceleration based on early positive data. It is becoming more common that a program in Phase I can plan for filing a Biological License Application in less then five years given a certain set of aggressive assumptions. This often places CMC activities on a critical and potentially risky path requiring a large resource commitment at an early stage of clinical development when the likelihood of commercial launch remains low. In this presentation we explore a case study for one such program that demonstrated both a low supply demand and limited clinical data, but also has the potential for a fast-to-market strategy gated to positive clinical results. We introduce the concept of a Registration Enabling Campaign (REC) conducted in parallel with a traditional Phase III supply campaign that would supply the Registration Batches for a Biological License Application, but also eliminate the need for a traditional PPQ campaign. While this initially requires an early investment prior to Phase III, it significantly reduces the resources required for a traditional qualification campaign that would be otherwise discarded for a low volume product. We will present the strategy for required prospective studies needed to support a Phase III-REC, rationales for study deferrals and overall risks associated with analytical quality control systems that must be leveraged at a very early phase in development

Peridotite, kimberlite, and carbonatite explained in the system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2

The key to the origin of carbonatite and kimberlite lies in the system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2. Increase in pressure causes a carbonation reaction in the peridotite assemblage as follows: forsterite + clinopyroxene + CO_2 ⇌ orthopyroxene + carbonate (Ca:Mg::70:30). This reaction passes through 15 kb–960°C with slope 45 b/°C and terminates at an invariant point near 25 kb-1200°C, where melting begins. This intersection of the carbonation reaction with the solidus introduces primary carbonate minerals alongside peridotite minerals on the liquidus surface. At 20 kb the melting temperature of the peridotite assemblage Fo + Opx + Cpx is lowered 75°C by solution of about 5 wt percent CO_2. The liquid corresponds to undersilicated basic magma. Stabilization of carbonate increases CO_2 solubility in the liquid, and above 25 kb the liquidus reaction involving Fo + Opx + Cpx + CO_2 sweeps down through 400°C via a pressure maximum at 32 kb to meet the invariant point at 25 kb. The peridotite solidus curve at higher pressures involves fusion of silicates and carbonates, producing a carbonatitic liquid with more than 45 wt percent CO_2. Progressive fusion produces a kimberlitic liquid. There is an intricate series of reactions between 25 kb and 35 kb involving changes in silicate and carbonate phase fields on the CO_2-saturated liquidus surface. Fractional crystallization of CO_2-bearing under-silicated basic magmas at most pressures yields residual kimberlite and carbonatite. Kimberlite and carbonatite magmas rising from the asthenosphere evolve CO_2 as they reach a reaction boundary at a depth of about 100 to 80 km. This contributes to their explosive eruption. Free CO_2 cannot coexist with subsolidus mantle peridotite with normal temperature distributions. CO_2 appears to be as effective as H_2O in causing incipient melting in the asthenosphere

List-Decoding Homomorphism Codes with Arbitrary Codomains

The codewords of the homomorphism code aHom(G,H) are the affine homomorphisms between two finite groups, G and H, generalizing Hadamard codes. Following the work of Goldreich-Levin (1989), Grigorescu et al. (2006), Dinur et al. (2008), and Guo and Sudan (2014), we further expand the range of groups for which local list-decoding is possible up to mindist, the minimum distance of the code. In particular, for the first time, we do not require either G or H to be solvable. Specifically, we demonstrate a poly(1/epsilon) bound on the list size, i. e., on the number of codewords within distance (mindist-epsilon) from any received word, when G is either abelian or an alternating group, and H is an arbitrary (finite or infinite) group. We conjecture that a similar bound holds for all finite simple groups as domains; the alternating groups serve as the first test case. The abelian vs. arbitrary result permits us to adapt previous techniques to obtain efficient local list-decoding for this case. We also obtain efficient local list-decoding for the permutation representations of alternating groups (the codomain is a symmetric group) under the restriction that the domain G=A_n is paired with codomain H=S_m satisfying m < 2^{n-1}/sqrt{n}. The limitations on the codomain in the latter case arise from severe technical difficulties stemming from the need to solve the homomorphism extension (HomExt) problem in certain cases; these are addressed in a separate paper (Wuu 2018). We introduce an intermediate "semi-algorithmic" model we call Certificate List-Decoding that bypasses the HomExt bottleneck and works in the alternating vs. arbitrary setting. A certificate list-decoder produces partial homomorphisms that uniquely extend to the homomorphisms in the list. A homomorphism extender applied to a list of certificates yields the desired list