Measurement of Alkaloids Achyranthes Aspera Linn Level Using Thin Layer Chromatography Method and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

One of the plants with the potential to be developed into a raw material for anti-breast cancer drugs is jarong (Achyranthes aspera linn). Allegedly alkaloid of Achryranthes aspera linn leaves showed anticancer activity in vitro in mice myeloma cells is extremely potent. In vivo study showed that the alkaloid Achyranthes aspera linn causes apoptosis and healing in breast cancer cells in mice induced by benzopyrene. Alkaloids of Achyranthes aspera linn leaves as anticancer been listed on Incestual Property Rights (IPR) since October 12, 2012, with number P00201299839. This study aims to prove the existence of alkaloids in the leaves of Achyranthes aspera linn using thin layer chromatography (TLC), determine the level of alkaloids in the leaves alkaloid fraction of Achyranthes aspera using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and alkaloid fraction dose as an anticancer and dosing for the study. Alkaloid qualitative measurement results with thin layer chromatography showed alkaloid in orange. Alkaloid levels using HPLC has a retention time of 3.482 minutes, a wavelength of 254 nm, there are 13 kinds of chemical substances with the major components amounted to 52.36% alkaloids, the other component is the green substance with a peak area of 13.0624%, while other chemical substances in a very small peak area of between 0.428% until 8.3598%. Alkaloid fraction dose of Achyranthes aspera used in the study as anticancer is controlled the dose of 0 mg/kg, 1 treatment dose of  60 mg/kg, 2 treatment dose of 75 mg/kg and 3 treatment dose of 90 mg/kg.  Keywords: Alkaloids, Achyranthes aspera linn, TLC, HPLC

Acute Toxicity Tests of Alkaloid Pare (Momordica Charanthia) Fruit on The Histopathology of Liver

Pare fruit (Momordica charanthia) potential as an antidiabetic. In preliminary research has proven that alkaloid of the Pare fruit (Momordica charanthia) can lower blood sugar levels of mice suffering from diabetes mellitus. Alkaloid Pare can improve pancreatic β-cell function by improving the preparation phase for the cell dividing (interphase) and repair the mitotic stages and increase the CDK expression in mice with diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this research was to determine the dose that causes the death of 50% (LD50) and to determine the toxicity effect of alkaloid Pare (Momordica charanthia) against damage in the form of congestion, degeneration, and necrosis of liver cells. Acute toxicity test with a 24-hour long treatment using 60 female mice, divided into six groups, each group consisted of 10 animals. The group is as follows: P0 only given distilled water, the group P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 respectively treated 0.3 g/kg bw, 1 g/kg bw, 3 g/kg bw, 10 g/kg bw and 15 g/kg bw. Furthermore, all the mice were necropsied to take the liver for histopathology preparations to observe the occurrence of congestion, degeneration, and necrosis. The parameters observed through histopathological examination of the liver include congestion, degeneration, and necrosis. The results of the research tested by Kruskal-Wallis test with data obtained based on the value of scoring was not significantly different (α<0.05) in the liver histopathological changes in the form of congestion, degeneration, and necrosis between control and treatment groups orally in time 24 hours. The dose can cause 50% of deaths more than 15 g in mice are included in the category of medicinal substances which are not harmful.    Keywords:  Alkaloid Pare fruit, LD50, congestion, degeneration, necrosis, liver

Peningkatan Kualitas Kambing Kacang Melalui Pemakaian Tehnik Transfer Embrio

daya produksi dan reproduksi kambing kacang masih rendah dinyatakan dengan berat badan yang rendah dan angka kelahiran yang juga rendah sehingga peningkatan populasi lamban. Perkawinan alam dengan pejantan etawah yang lebih besar ukurannya memakan waktu yang lama sedangkan inseminasi buatan pada kambing belum digalakkan pada ternak ini. Transfer embrio merupakan tehnologi yang dapat dengan cepat memperbaiki mutu kambing kacang dengan memakai embrio berasal dari kambing etawah

Efek Kombinasi Echinacea Purpurea dan Andrographis Paniculata Sebagai Hepatoprotektor pada Tikus Putih yang Terpapar Stres Panas

Antioxidants contain of Andrographis paniculata and Echinacea purpurea have been proven to be beneficial to health. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of the two plant extracts contains capable act as hepatoprotector against on heat stressed-rat. Thirty female rat with 2-3 month of ages used as animal model were divided into five groups; K- (negative control), Po, P1, P2, P3. They were given by a suspension containing the combination between Andrographis paniculata and Echinacea purpurea in several doses during 28 days before made to suffer from heat stress for 8 days as long as 30 minutes/day. Treatments consist of negative control which was not given by both treatments, Po (Ocapsule/200gramBW/day), P1 (0,0252capsule/200gramBW/day), P2 (0,0504capsule/200gramBW/day), P3 (0,0756capsule/200gramBW/day) as long as 28 days advanced by heat stress treatment. The results of this study indicated that the combination of Andrographis paniculata extract and Echinacea purpurea is able to function as hepatoprotector by maintaining levels of SGOT and SGPT within normal limits. The effective dose are shown in group Pi and P2, with average SGOT and SGPT levels as low as K" obtained from the treatment, with average levels of SGOT of 46,83U/1 - 49,83U/1 and SGPT of 24,67U/1 - 26,17U/1. Keywords : Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea purpurea, heat stress, SGOT, SGP

EFEK ANTIFERTILITAS DAUN MANGGIS ( GARCINIA MANGOSTANA LINN) PADA MUS MUSCULUS BETINA

Ek s trak dal.ln Manggis (Garc inia MangoE,tana Lj.nn mengandung zat aktif Mangostin dan glikosida triterpen

Efek Anti Diabetes Buah Pare (Momordica charantia Linn.) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah, Sel Penyusun Pulau Langerhans dan Sel Leydig pada Tikus Putih Hiperglikemia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan ekstrak buah pare (Momordica charantia Linn.) terhadap kadar glukosa darah, sel penyusun pulau Langerhans dan sel Leydig tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) hiperglikemia. Tikus putih sebanyak 25 ekor dibagi secara acak menjadi 5 kelompok. Induksi aloksan dengan dosis 150 mg/kgbb secara intraperitoneal untuk menimbulkan kerusakan pankreas dilakukan pada 5 kelompok perlakuan. Tiga kelompok perlakuan diterapi dengan berbagai dosis ekstrak buah pare, (P1) 29 mg/1ml/hari, (P2) 50 mg/1ml/hari, dan (P3) 59 mg/1ml/hari, satu kelompok sebagai kontrol negatif (P0) diberi CMC Na 0,5% 1ml/hari, kontrol positif (K+) diberi Glibenclamide® 0,126 mg/1ml/hari. Ekstrak buah pare diberikan selama 21 hari. Kadar glukosa diperiksa setelah 2 jam, 4 jam, 6 jam dan 8 jam pascapemberian dihari pertama. Kadar glukosa selanjutnya diperiksa pada hari ke 7, 14 dan 21. Semua tikus dieuthanasia setelah 21 hari perlakuan, pankreas dan testis diambil untuk dibuat preparat histopatologi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah pare (Momordica charantia Linn.) memiliki efek antidiabetik yang dapat menurunkan kadar gula darah, meningkatkan jumlah sel insula Langerhans dan meningkatkan jumlah sel Leydig pada dosis 50 mg/1ml/hari pada hari ke 21 setelah perlakuan

The enriched Y-bearing sperm combined with delayed fixed-time artificial insemination for obtaining male Simmental crossbred offspring

Background and Aim: The production of male calf beef cattle is an agricultural innovation needed to increase the farm’s productivity as a provider of meat sources. This study aimed to determine the sex ratio of the offspring of cows inseminated with Y‐bearing sperm enriched by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and swim‐up, combined with delayed fixed‐time artificial insemination (FTAI). Materials and Methods: Ejaculates of Simmental bulls were divided into four equal portions and grouped as T0 (control, non‐sexed semen), T1 and T2 were sexed semen using Percoll density gradient centrifugation three and five levels, respectively, and T3 was sexed semen using swim‐up. After the sex was sorted, the semen was diluted in a tris‐egg yolk extender, packaged in French mini‐straws containing 50 million live sperm cells, and frozen. Pre‐sexed, post‐sexed, and post‐thawed spermatozoa were evaluated based on progressive motility, viability, intact plasma membrane, and abnormality. The post‐thawed semen of T0 was artificially inseminated to recipient cows at 12 h after onset of estrus (not delayed FTAI). Meanwhile, the delayed FTAI was conducted 18‐20 h after onset of estrus using the T0, the best of T1 and T2, and the T3 post‐thawed semen. Results: The Percoll density gradient centrifugation reduced motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane but increased sperm abnormalities. Meanwhile, the swim‐up process increased motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane of sperm cells but decreased sperm abnormalities. Post‐thawed semen decreased motility, viability, and intact plasma membrane of sperm cells but increased sperm abnormalities. The sex ratio of the Simmental crossbred offspring was 96.08% and 100% in T1 and T3, respectively, compared to 48.25% and 67.39% in T0 not delayed and delayed FTAI, respectively. Conclusion: The Percoll density gradient centrifugation and swim‐up methods are prospective for obtaining male offspring. Keywords: agricultural innovation, farm productivity, motility, pregnancy rate, sperm morphologic abnormality, viabilit

EFEK EKSTRAK IMPATIENS BALSAMINA LINN TERHADAP INTEGRASI MEMBRAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN EMBRIO (CLEAVAGE) TIKUS (RATTUS RATTUS)

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk membuktikan ekstrak dari akar Impatiens balsamina Linn yang mengandung flavonoid .cyanidin monoglikosida, anthocianin dan quercetin diduga merupakan bahan dapat berpengaruh terhadap fertilisasi, pembelahan sel embrio (cleavage) dan permiabilitas membran sel yang erat kaitannya dengan transport nutrisi yang diperlukan pada metabolisme sel dalam menghasilkan energi. Hal ini perlu dibuktikan secara ilmiah efek ekstrak Impatiens balsamina Jinn berpengaruh terhadap fertilisasi, pembelahan dan perkembangan embrio (cleavage) serta integritas membran sel embrio pada tikus (Rattus rattus). Keberhasilan penelitian ini, dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat kontrasepsi pada wanita yang digunakan setelah melakukan hubungan seksual. Pembuatan ekstrak akar Impatiens Balsamina Jinn dilakukan menurut metode Pharmacope Indonesia. Ekstrak akar Impatiens balsamina Linn (EIBL) di uji cobakan pada tikus yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok tersebut adalah Kelompok I pemberian EIBL saat terbentuk sumbat vagina, Kelompok II : pemberian EIBL 24 jam setelah terbentuk sumbat vagina, Kelompok III : pemberian EIBL setelah 48 jam setelah terbentuk sumbat vagina dan Kelompok IV : pemberian EIBL pada 72 jam setelah terbentuk sumbat vagina. Masing masing kelompok dibagi menjadi 4 perlakuan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah Perlakuan 1 (P1) tanpa perlakuan yang hanya diberi CMC. Perlakuan 2 (P2), perlakuan 3 (P3), perlakuan 4 (P4), berturut-turut diberi EIBL konsentrasi 10 % selama 1 hari, 2 hari dan 3 hari. Semua kelompok perlakuan diberi CMC dan EIBL 2 X sehari selang waktu 12 jam, secara per oral. Pembedahan dilakukan 12 jam setelah pemberian EIBL terakhir, tuba falopii dan uterus diambil dan diflushing menggunakan TCM 199, kemudian diperiksa dibawah mikroskop interved untuk mengamati parameter sebagai berikut : 1) Menghitung jumlah sel telur dan embrio yang ditemukan serta stadium pembelahan embrio, 2) Pengamatan sel telur dan embrio yang ditemukan yaitu pengamatan pada : a. Adanya pengkerutan membran sel telur dan embrio b. Adanya kerusakan sitoplasma sel telur maupun embrio and 3. adanya kerusakan blastomere pada embrio Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian ekstrak Impatiens balsamina Linn sebanyak 10% secara per oral pada saat terbentuk sumbat vagina menyebabkan penghambatan terjadinya fertilisasi pada semua tikus kelompok perlakuan. Adanya penghambatan pada pembelahan dan perkembangan pada seluruh tikus yang diberi ekstrak pada saat 24 jam dan 48 jam setelah terbentuk sumbat vagina, sedangkan pada pemberian ekstrak 72 jam setelah terbentuk sumbat vagina terjadi penghambatan pembelahan dan perkembangan embrio berkisar 75 - 80%. Pemberian Impatiens balsamina Linn menyebabkan pengkerutan membran embrio dan degenerasi blastomere embrio sebelum mengalami implantasi

α-Tocopherol restores semen quality in rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Background and aim: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent organic pollutant toxic to the human reproductive system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of α-Tocopherol administration on the male fertility parameters of a rat model exposed to TCDD. Materials and methods: Fifty healthy 12-week-old male rats were randomly divided into five groups. Rats in the control group were given corn oil twice daily in 4 h intervals. In the treatment groups, all rats were given TCDD at a dose of 700 ng/kg of body weight (BW)/day for 45 days. Four hours after receiving the TCDD, T0 rats were given corn oil, and T1, T2, and T3 rats were given α-Tocopherol at doses of 77, 140, and 259 mg/kg BW/day, respectively, for 45 days. On day 46, experimental animals were sacrificed to collect blood and testicular samples. Results: TCDD exposure decreased superoxide dismutase activity, plasma membrane integrity, Leydig cell count, sperm cell count, sperm viability and motility, and increased malondialdehyde levels, serum testosterone levels, and sperm morphological abnormalities. The administration of α-Tocopherol mitigated the effects of TCDD exposure, and the 140 and 259 mg/kg BW/day treatments returned those male fertility parameters to normal levels. Conclusion: The administration of 140 mg/kg BW/day α-Tocopherol restored male semen quality in rats exposed to TCDD. We found dynamics serum testosterone levels in rats exposed to TCDD that need to be further studied

Efek Antimitogenik Fraksi Alkaloid Achyranthes aspera Linn. terhadap Induksi Apoptosis pada Mencit yang Terinfeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi efek antimitogenik dari ekstrak fraksi alkaloid daun Achyranthes aspera Linn. terhadap induksi apoptosis, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel paru-paru yang diinfeksi oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Efek antimitogenic dari alkaloid A. aspera diujikan pada 120 ekor mencit yang diinfeksikan dengan 100 sel/mL M. tuberculosis dan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok sehingga masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 20 ekor. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari: kontrol negatif dengan tikus sehat yang diberikan adjuvant saja, kontrol positif dengan diberikan rifampisin 600 mg/kgbb/hari, dan kelompok perlakuan P0 , P1 , P2 , dan P3 yang diinfeksi M. tuberculosis dan diberikan alkaloid dengan dosis bertingkat 0, 60, 12, dan 180 mg/kgbb/po/hari selama 30 hari. Parameter pengamatan terdiri dari: jumlah total leukosit, jumlah total jenis leukosit, jumlah karbuncel di paru-paru, dan jumlah sel paru-paru yang mengalami apoptosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada tikus yang terinfeksi M. tuberculosis mengalami penurunan jumlah total dan jenis leukosit (eosinofil, neutrofil, lmfosit dan monosit), dan jumlah karbunkel di paru-paru pada kelompok perlakuan akaloid mulai dosis 60 mg/kgbb. Jumlah sel di paru-paru yang mengalami apoptosis juga mengalami penurunan pada kelompok pemberian akaloid daun A. aspera mulai dosis 60 mg/kgBB sama dengan kelompok rifampisin. Kesimpulan dari penelitian bahwa alkaloid daun A. aspera menyebabkan penurunan jumlah total dan jenis leukosit, serta jumlah karbuncel dan sel paru yang mengalami apoptosis pada tikus yang terinfeksi oleh M. tuberculosis.Kata kunci: Achyranthes aspera Linn., antimitogenik, paru-paru tuberkulosis, apoptotis, leukosit (The Antimitogenic Effect of Alkaloid Fraction of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on Apoptotic Induction in Mice Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis)The aims of this research was to determine the antimitogenic effect of alkaloid Achyranthes aspera Linn. on apoptotic induction, growth and cell development in lung cell infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimitogenic effect of alkaloid A. aspera was tested in 120 mice that infected with 100 cell/mL M. tuberculosis and divided into 6 groups so that each group consist of 20 mice. The treatment groups were: negative control that healthy mice was given adjuvans only, positive control that was given rifampisin 600 mg/kg bb/day, and treatment group of P0 , P1 , P2 and P3 infected by M. tuberculosis and given alkaloid with dose 0, 60, 12 and 180 mg/kgbw/po/day continously during 30 days. The parameter of observation were total leucocyte count, total differential leucocyte count, total carbuncel in lung, and percentage of apoptotic lung cells. The result showed that mice infected by M. tuberculosis have decreased in total leucocyte and diferentiated leucocyte total (eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte), and total carbuncel in lungs after treated by akaloid A. aspera with dose begin 60 mg/kgbw. Apoptotic cell in lung was also decreased in the group tretaed by akaloid A. aspera with dose begin 60 mg/kgbw that the value was equal to the group of rifampisin. In conclusion, treatment of alkaloid from A. aspera caused depreciation in leucocyte total and leucocyte differentiation, and total of carbuncel and apoptotic cell in the lung in mouse that infected by M. tuberkulosis.Keywords: Achyranthes aspera Linn., antimitogenic, tuberculosis lung, apoptotic, leucocyte