The Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, and Brown Pigment in Honey Before and After Heating

Abstract: Honey has unique components, a characteristic that makes it a valuable food for consumers. It is known that UV radiation and heating impact the quality of honey's bioactive compounds, including total phenolic, total flavonoid, and brown pigment contents. The absorbance of brown pigment at a wavelength of 420 nm, total phenolic at a wavelength of 733 nm, and total flavonoid at a wavelength of 430 nm was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The method used in the total phenolic test was the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid standard (mgGAE/g sample). In contrast, for flavonoids, the method used was the colorimetric method with quercetin standard (mg QE/g sample). The qualitative test results showed that all honey samples contained phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Total phenolic and flavonoid levels showed a decrease in several samples, including TR SLT (Trigona Southeast Sulawesi), TRG BGR (Trigona Bogor), and TR SLS (Trigona Genotrigona Indica South Sulawesi) in the range of 11.8–57.6%. However, most of the total phenolic and flavonoid levels increased after the heating process, i.e., in the samples of AP LMB (apis North Lombok) (25.3% and 88.8%), AP MG (apis mango) (73.1% and 114%), AP MAC (Aceh honey, Buloh Seuma) (8.8% and 199%), TR BIR (Trigona tetroginola biroi South Sulawesi) (58.8% and 146%), and TR LMB (Trigona North Lombok) (44.3% and 84.9%). In contrast, for the formation of brown pigment, there was an increase in all honey samples between 32 and 1.428%. The presence of brown pigment at the end of the heating process of honey samples is thought to have the same role as phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which change the heating process, especially in antioxidant activities and other bioactivities. However, further analysis is needed to prove the conjecture.Abstrak: Madu memiliki komponen yang unik, yang membuatnya menjadi makanan yang berharga bagi konsumen.  Telah diketahui bahwa radiasi UV dan pemanasan berdampak pada kualitas senyawa bioaktif madu, di antaranya kandungan total fenolik, total flavonoid, dan pigmen coklat. Pengukuran absorbansi pigmen coklat pada panjang gelombang 420 nm, pengukuran total fenolik pada panjang gelombang 733 nm dan total flavonoid pada panjang gelombang 430 nm dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji total fenolik adalah metode Folin-Ciocalteu dengan standar asam Galat (mgGAE/g sampel), uji flavonoid menggunakan metode Kolorimetri dengan standar kuersetin (mg QE/g sampel).  Hasil uji kualitatif menunjukan bahwa semua sampel madu terdapat senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid. Kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid menunjukkan penurunan pada beberapa sampel, di antaranya TR SLT (Trigona Sulawesi Tenggara, TRG BGR (Trigona Bogor), TR SLS (Trigona Genotrigona Insica Sulawesi Selatan) pada kisaran 11,8 – 57,6%.  Namun, sebagian besar kadar total fenolik dan kadar flavonoid mengalami kenaikan setelah proses pemanasan, yaitu pada sampel AP LMB (apis Lombok Utara) (25,3% dan 88,8%), AP MG (apis mangga) (73,1% dan 114%), AP MAC (madu Aceh, Buloh Seuma) (8,8% dan 199%), TR BIR (Trigona Tetroginola biroi sulawesi selatan) (58,8% dan 146%), TR LMB (Trigona North Lombok) (44,3% dan 84,9), sedangkan untuk pembentukan pigmen coklat, terjadi peningkatan pada semua sampel madu di antara 32 – 1.428%. Keberadaan pigmen coklat pada akhir proses pemanasan, diduga memiliki peran yang sama dengan senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid yang mengalami perubahan selama proses pemanasan, terutama pada aktivitas antioksidan dan bioaktivitas lainnya.  Namun diperlukan analisis lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan dugaan tersebut

Analisis Pemenuhan Kriteria Sistem Jaminan Halal Pada Pengolahan Lapis Panggang di IKM Rezzen Bakery Malang

Based on Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee, the state is obliged to provide protection and assurance regarding the halalness of products consumed by the public. All food products must include a halal certificate from the Halal Product Guarantee Agency (BPJPH) under the Ministry of Religion (Kemenag). IKM Rezzen Bakery has had a Halal Certificate since 2015 and has made two extensions in 2017 and 2019. Halal. This study aims to analyze the implementation of 11 criteria for the Halal Assurance System (SJH) with the provisions and standards of HAS-23000 at IKM Rezzen Bakery. The importance of implementation analysis is carried out to ensure the halalness of the product during the validity period of the Halal Certificate at IKM Rezzen Bakery. The research method used is descriptive observational. The results showed that Rezzen Bakery had met 10 of the 11 SJH criteria. The ten criteria are halal policy, halal management team, training and education, ingredients, products, production facilities, written procedures for critical activities, traceability, handling of products that are not according to criteria, and management reviews. The internal audit point is not fulfilled because Rezzen Bakeri conducts an internal audit once a year

Analisis Pemenuhan Kriteria Sistem Jaminan Halal Pada Pengolahan Lapis Panggang di IKM Rezzen Bakery Malang

Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal, negara berkewajiban untuk memberikan perlindungan dan jaminan tentang kehalalan produk yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Sehingga semua produk makanan wajib mencantumkan sertifikat halal dari Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal (BPJPH) di bawah Kementerian Agama (Kemenag). IKM Rezzen Bakery telah memiliki Sertifikat Halal sejak tahun 2015 dan telah melaukan dua kali perpanjangan pada tahun 2017 dan 2019. Halal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi 11 kriteria Sistem Jaminan Halal (SJH) dengan ketentuan dan standar HAS-23000 di IKM Rezzen Bakery. Pentingnya analisis implementasi dilakukan untuk menjamin kehalalan produk selama masa berlakunya Sertifikat Halal pada IKM Rezzen Bakery. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat observasional deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Rezzen Bakery telah memenuhi 10 dari 11 kriteria SJH, 10 kriteria tersebut adalah kebijakan halal, tim manajemen halal, pelatihan dan edukasi, bahan, produk, fasilitas produksi, prosedur tertulis untuk aktivitas kritis, kemampuan telusur, penanganan produk tidak sesuai kroteria, dan kaji ulang manajemen. Point audit internal kurang terpenuhi karena pada Rezzen Bakery melakukan audit internal sekali dalam satu tahun

ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN UNTUK MENILAI KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN (STUDI KASUS PADA PT PYRIDAM FARMA)

Financial reports are the final process in the accounting process which has an important role formeasuring and evaluating the financial performance of a bank. Developments in the business world arevery fast and the high level of complexity can affect the performance of a company. This research wasconducted at PT. Pyridam Farma. The type of data used is secondary data. This research is descriptivequantitative and is a case study on the object under study. The subjects in this study were publishedfinancial reports for the periods 2017, 2018 and 2019. Data analysis techniques used liquidity andprofitability ratios. The purpose of this research is to assess the performance of PT. Pyridam Farma.Financial report analysis is carried out by using profitability ratio analysis. The company's gross profitmargin in 2017 and 2018 has increased. In 2019 the company experienced a decline. The company'srevenue to sales ratio increased in 2017, decreased in 2018 and 2019. The company's return oninvestment ratio during 2017 and 2018 has increased, in 2019 the company has decreased. Thecompany's return on equity in 2017, 2018 and 2019 has decreased. Thus the performance of PTPyridam Farma is still not effective