Effects of Expert Testimony and Interrogation Tactics on Perceptions of Confessions

Evidence obtained through the process of interrogation is frequently undermined by what can be perceived as overzealous interrogation tactics. Although the majority of psychologically oriented tactics are legally permissible, they nonetheless contribute to innocent suspects confessing to crimes they did not commit. The present study examined the effect of expert testimony and interrogation tactics on perceptions of a confession. 182 undergraduates read a transcript of a homicide trial that varied based on interrogation tactic: implicit threat of punishment (maximization) or leniency (minimization) and expert witness testimony (presence or absence of expert testimony). Analysis indicated that the type of interrogation tactic used in obtaining the confession affected participants\u27 perceptions of the coerciveness of the interrogation process

Collective Impact Partnership and Backbone Organizations as Enablers of Children’s Well-Being

In this article, the question of partnership is approached from a perspective centred around the creation of a common agenda based on trust and from the children´s point of view. Partnership and collaboration have traditionally been viewed as mechanisms to create bridges between organisations and institutions from the private, public and non-governmental sectors in order to enhance funder collaboratives, public-private partnerships, multi-stakeholder initiatives, social sector networks and collective impact initiatives. It was not however until Kania and Kramer´s (2011) seminal work on collective impact when this subject came to be viewed as a developmental process aiming at the creation of a common agenda and mutually agreed activities and consisting of five integral parts: a common agenda, shared measurement systems, mutually reinforcing activities, continuous communication and backbone support organisations. This article, based on a systematic review of the topic, maintains that partnership – approached from the point of view of children and through the lens of collective impact – constitutes a crucial mechanism in the creation of safe and comprehensive wellbeing for children. Thus, this article – using Kania and Kramer´s (2011) definition of collective impact and focusing on the structure of partnerships and the nature of trust in organisations as the prerequisite for partnership – advocates the importance of the UN SDG17 principle as the bringer of inclusive society built upon principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals that place people at the centre of human endeavour.© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Partnerships for the Goals. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71067-9_111-1.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Genes from Chagas Susceptibility Loci That Are Differentially Expressed in T. cruzi-Resistant Mice Are Candidates Accounting for Impaired Immunity

Variation between inbred mice of susceptibility to experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection has frequently been described, but the immunogenetic background is poorly understood. The outcross of the susceptible parental mouse strains C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2), B6D2F1 (F1) mice, is highly resistant to this parasite. In the present study we show by quantitative PCR that the increase of tissue parasitism during the early phase of infection is comparable up to day 11 between susceptible B6 and resistant F1 mice. A reduction of splenic parasite burdens occurs thereafter in both strains but is comparatively retarded in susceptible mice. Splenic microarchitecture is progressively disrupted with loss of follicles and B lymphocytes in B6 mice, but not in F1 mice. By genotyping of additional backcross offspring we corroborate our earlier findings that susceptibility maps to three loci on Chromosomes 5, 13 and 17. Analysis of gene expression of spleen cells from infected B6 and F1 mice with microarrays identifies about 0.3% of transcripts that are differentially expressed. Assuming that differential susceptibility is mediated by altered gene expression, we propose that the following differentially expressed transcripts from these loci are strong candidates for the observed phenotypic variation: H2-Eα, H2-D1, Ng23, Msh5 and Tubb5 from Chromosome 17; and Cxcl11, Bmp2k and Spp1 from Chromosome 5. Our results indicate that innate mechanisms are not of primary relevance to resistance of F1 mice to T. cruzi infection, and that differential susceptibility to experimental infection with this protozoan pathogen is not paralleled by extensive variation of the transcriptome

The MHC Gene Region of Murine Hosts Influences the Differential Tissue Tropism of Infecting Trypanosoma cruzi Strains

We have previously demonstrated that both parasite genetic variability and host genetic background were important in determining the differential tissue distribution of the Col1.7G2 and JG T. cruzi monoclonal strains after artificial infections in mice. We observed that the JG strain was most prevalent in hearts of mouse lineages with the MHC haplotype H-2d (BALB/c and DBA2), while Col1.7G2 was predominant in hearts from C57BL/6 mice, which have the H-2b haplotype. To assess whether the MHC gene region indeed influenced tissue tropism of T. cruzi, we used the same two parasite strains to infect C57BL/6 (H-2b) and C57BLKS/J (H-2d) mice; the latter strain results from the introgression of DBA2 MHC region into the C57BL/6 background. We also performed ex vivo infections of cardiac explants from four congenic mice lineages with the H-2b and H-2d haplotypes arranged in two different genetic backgrounds: C57BLKS/J (H-2d) versus C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d) versus BALB/B10-H2b (H-2b). In agreement with our former observations, Col1.7G2 was predominant in hearts from C57BL/6 mice (H-2b), but we observed a clear predominance of the JG strain in hearts from C57BLKS/J animals (H-2d). In the ex vivo experiments Col1.7G2 also prevailed in explants from H-2b animals while no predominance of any of the strains was observed in H-2d mice explants, regardless of the genetic background. These observations clearly demonstrate that the MHC region influences the differential tissue distribution pattern of infecting T. cruzi strains, which by its turn may be in a human infection the determinant for the clinical forms of the Chagas disease

Gay Men’s Experience of Same-Sex Marriage and its Relation to Well-Being: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Gay Men’s Experience of Same-Sex Marriage and its Relation to Well-Being: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Same-sex marriage is a recent and growing phenomenon. The study of this phenomenon provides an opportunity to explore the essence of marriage in relation to occupations. Similar to mothering occupations (Olson & Esdaile, 2000), fathering occupations (Bonsall, 2013), and family occupations (Humphry & Corcoran, 2004), occupations associated with same-sex marriage must be explored to illuminate this new societal phenomenon. Occupational scientists are interested in occupations and their dynamic relationship with occupational concepts such as engagement, identity, occupational justice, and well-being. Also, occupational scientists are concerned with social norms (Kiepek, Phelan, & Magalhaes, 2014), political policies, and their impact on the occupational engagement of individuals, groups, and populations. The LGBT community, and same-sex marriage specifically, has garnered little attention from researchers, including occupational scientists; as such, it is imperative that occupational scientists illuminate this recent phenomenon to understand the experience of same-sex marriage and its relation to occupation and well-being. Methodology This study will explore the lived experiences of three gay men, who have participated in the phenomenon of same-sex marriage. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is the primary methodology that will be used for this study. IPA combines various phenomenological elements, such as phenomenology, hermeneutics, and idiography, to understand how research participants perceive a particular life experience. To achieve this goal, the researcher will conduct two 90 -120 minute interviews with each participant, followed by a third 30-45 minute interview. The third interview will be conducted after the researcher has completed preliminary data analysis to validate analytic categories and interpretations. The researcher will utilize in-depth, semi-structured, one-to-one interviews for data collection. All interviews will be audio-taped, and the content will be transcribed verbatim to validate the data collection and analysis process. The researcher will utilize Smith, Flowers, and Larkin’s (2012) analytic stages to complete data analysis for this dissertation study. IPA stages of analysis include reading and initial noting, the discovery of emergent themes, searching for connections across emergent themes, moving to the next case, and considering patterns across cases. An audit trail, triangulation, member checking, and peer review during analysis will be used to establish trustworthiness. Implications to Occupational Science Studying the relationship between occupations, occupational concepts, and occupational beings is the goal of occupational science. Understanding same-sex marriage from an occupational perspective will allow scientists to gain new knowledge regarding how gay men experience same-sex marriage, and how this experience influences well-being. Keywords: Occupation, same-sex marriage, well-being Poster presentation Discussion questions: How has the legalization of same-sex marriage influenced same-sex relationships? What occupational science threshold concepts emerge from gay men’s description of same-sex marriage? How do intersectional identities influence gay men’s experience of same-sex marriage? How do occupational justice mechanisms, such as discrimination, microaggression, and stigma, influence the gay men’s experience of same-sex marriage? How do gay men perceive that marriage has influenced their well-being