A review of glyphosate application: the health-related effect

Introduction and purpose The glyphosate (GLY) is a systemic herbicide and cropp desiccant registered for use in more than 130 countries. The herbicide is applied to control more than 160 weeds. Despite the declarations about complete biodegradability of herbicide, is difficult to complete elimination of it. GLY may affect the activity of cytochrome P450, the gut microbiome and metals chelation and thus have an adverse health effect. The evidence suggests a relationship between the use of GLY and numerous chronic diseases. The aim of this paper was to review the available literature that examined the health-related effect of GLY. The state of knowledge Numerous studies have confirmed the adverse effects of GLY on health. GLY injection in high dose initiate processes involved in cancerogenesis. In human studies, the GLY use was related with 41% higher risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. GLY can lead to endocrine changes, including corticosterone levels and steroidogenesis. In pregnant women population, the higher GLY concentrations in urine were related with shorter pregnancy length. GLY could affects gut microbiome and leading to the development of intestinal dysbiosis, gut-brain axis and central nervous system changes. The formulated complexes GLY-minerals may damage nephrons. The nephrotoxic effect of herbicide was confirmed in human studies. Conclusions Most of the studies assessed the short term health-related effect of GLY. Obtained results do not reflect the environmental exposure which lasting many years. There is an urgent need to assess the long term effect of GLY in small doses in high-quality epidemiological studies

Status prawny sędziego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego

The article is concerned with indication and discussion of elements determining the legal status of Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal. In the first part of the paper much of the discussion has been devoted to presenting the position which the Constitutional Tribunal holds among state authorities. Moreover, I have also presented similarities which the Constitutional Tribunal bears to other judicial bodies. What is more, the first part of the article focuses on the notion of judicial independence and its importance for determining the legal status of Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal. In the second part of the article I have focused on the issues concerning elections for the Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal, qualifications which they should possess, the length of the term, as well as the circumstances of the expiry of a tribunal judge's mandate. Furthermore, I have discussed responsibilities of Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal, as well as the rights possessed by them by virtue of functions which they perform. Moreover, I have also addressed the problem of disciplinary responsibility of Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal. The article concludes with focusing on a crucial role played by Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal for the protection of the ConstitutionArtykuł koncentruje się na wskazaniu i omówieniu elementów kształtujących status prawny sędziego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W części pierwszej artykułu wskazałam na pozycję, jaką Trybunał Konstytucyjny zajmuje wśród organów państwowych oraz na jego podobieństwo do innych organów sądowych. Wskazałam również na pojęcie niezawisłości sędziowskiej i jego znaczenie dla określenia statusu prawnego sędziego TK. W następnej części artykułu skoncentrowałam się na zagadnieniach wyboru sędziów Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, kwalifikacjach, jakie powinni oni mieć, a także długości kadencji i okolicznościach wygasania mandatu sędziego Trybunału. Następnie wskazałam i omówiłam obowiązki, które spoczywają na sędziach TK oraz prawa przysługujące sędziom z racji pełnionej przez nich funkcji. Wskazałam również na problem odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W podsumowaniu artykułu zwróciłam uwagę na wyjątkową rolę, jaką sędziowie TK odgrywają chroniąc konstytucj

Are Gestures of One Culture the Same as Those of the Another One? In the Search of Cross-Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Behaviour from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics

From all the examples of nonverbal behaviour it has been scientifically proved that gestures reflect human thoughts and mental operations. Gestures project meanings that are stored in image schemas. Those mental representations are shaped by culturally determined experience. The aim of this article was to delve into the issue of the cross-cultural differences in nonverbal behaviour with the par-ticular focus on gestures from the point of view of cognitive linguistics. It was also of my interest to identify and categorise gestures as regards their universal and/or culture specific nature and create a background for possible further research

Scattering correction for samples with cylindrical domains measured with polarized infrared spectroscopy

Scattering artifacts are one of the most common effects distorting transmission spectra in Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Their increased impact, strongly diminishing the quantitative and qualitative power of IR spectroscopy, is especially observed for structures with a size comparable to the radiation wavelength. To tackle this problem, a wide range of preprocessing techniques based on the Extended Multiplicative Scattering Correction method was developed, using physical properties to remove scattering presence in the spectra. However, until recently those algorithms were mostly focused on spherically shaped samples, for example, cells. Here, an algorithm for samples with cylindrical domains is described, with additional implementation of a linearly polarized light case, which is crucial for the growing field of polarized IR imaging and spectroscopy. An open-source code with GPU based implementation is provided, with a calculation time of several seconds per spectrum. Optimizations done to improve the throughput of this algorithm allow the application of this method into the standard preprocessing pipeline of small datasets

Age-Appropriate Robot Design: In-The-Wild Child-Robot Interaction Studies of Perseverance Styles and Robot's Unexpected Behavior

As child-robot interactions become more and more common in daily life environment, it is important to examine how robot's errors influence children's behavior. We explored how a robot's unexpected behaviors affect child-robot interactions during two workshops on active reading: one in a modern art museum and one in a school. We observed the behavior and attitudes of 42 children from three age groups: 6-7 years, 8-10 years, and 10-12 years. Through our observations, we identified six different types of surprising robot behaviors: personality, movement malfunctions, inconsistent behavior, mispronunciation, delays, and freezing. Using a qualitative analysis, we examined how children responded to each type of behavior, and we observed similarities and differences between the age groups. Based on our findings, we propose guidelines for designing age-appropriate learning interactions with social robots.Comment: 8 page

Sleep Paralysis among Professional Firefighters and a Possible Association with PTSD-Online Survey-Based Study.

The prevalence of sleep paralysis (SP) is estimated at approximately 7.6% of the world's general population. One of the strongest factors in the onset of SP is PTSD, which is often found among professional firefighters. Our study aimed to assess in the professional firefighter population (n = 831) (1) the prevalence of SP, (2) the relationship between SP and PTSD and (3) the relationship between SP and other factors: the severity of the stress felt, individual tendency to feel anxious and worried and lifestyle variables. The incidence of SP in the study group was 8.7%. The high probability of PTSD was found in 15.04% of subjects and its presence was associated with 1.86 times the odds of developing SP [OR = 1.86 (95% CI: 1.04-3.33); p = 0.04]. Officers who experienced at least 1 SP during their lifetime had significantly higher results in the scales: PCL-5, STAI-T, PSWQ. The number of SP episodes was positively correlated with the severity of symptoms measured by the PCL-5, PSS-10, STAI and PSWQ questionnaires. Further research is needed to assess the importance of SP among the firefighter population in the context of mental and somatic health and to specify methods of preventing SP episodes

Postpartum depression – a mood disorder after delivery

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a mood disorder characterized by depressive episode symptoms within three months after delivery, lasting between two and six months. The characteristic symptoms of postpartum depression are: exaggerated worry about the child's state of health, which does not cause any concern, weakened bond with the child, obsessive thoughts about harming the child (egodystonic thoughts), egosyntonic, non-obsessive thoughts about killing the child. All psychotropic medications are secreted in breast milk. Pharmacological treatment of PPD is not contraindication for breastfeeding. PPD should be treated because it disturbs formation of a proper bond between mother and child, which has an adverse effect on the child's psychosocial development