Bernardo de Aldrete, humanist and laminario

The humanist scholar and philologist Bernardo de Aldrete had a contradictory relationship to the Sacromonte affair. His first book in 1606 was a pathbreaking history of the Spanish language. Notable for its rigorous methods of linguistic inquiry, that work demonstrated the Latin origins of Spanish and rejected its existence before the time of the Visigoths. Aldrete's thesis was attacked for impugning the authenticity of the Turpiana parchment. In a second book Aldrete defended both his earlier work and the Sacromonte discoveries. He assisted Archbishop de Castro in the defense of the lead books, but that role has received little attention from historians. This article draws together Aldrete's published work and his correspondence with the Archbishop's house- hold to bring his role in the Sacromonte case into focus. It attempts to identify the continuities as well as the more often noted contradictions between Aldrete's roles as laminario and humanist scholar.La relación de Bernardo de Aldrete, humanista y filólogo, con el caso del Sacromonte fue ambigua. Su primer libro, publicado en 1606, fue una historia innovadora de la lengua española. Notable por sus métodos rigurosos de investigación lingüística, la obra mostró los orígenes latinos del español y rechazó su existencia antes de la época de los godos. La tesis de Aldrete fue atacada por impugnar la autenticidad del pergamino de la Torre Turpiana. En otro libro, Aldrete defendió su obra anterior y también los hallazgos del Sacromonte. Aldrete ayudó al Arzobispo de Castro en la defensa de los libros plúmbeos, un papel que ha llamado poco la atención de historiadores del Sacromonte. Este artículo compagina la obra publicada de Aldrete y su correspondencia con la casa del Arzobispo, para enfocar su papel en el caso del Sacromonte. Pretende identificar tanto las continuidades como las contradicciones entre el trabajo de Aldrete como laminario y como humanista

Linguistic Consciousness among Adolescents in Catalonia: A Case Study from the Barcelona Urban Area in Longitudinal Perspective

Summary: This ethnographic case study from 2007 investigated linguistic consciousness in a public high school in the Barcelona urban area previously studied in 1987. Catalan was found to retain its high status and connote “elegance”, while Spanish is now characterized as a debased language by the majority of students in this case study from varying linguistic backgrounds. Students do not recognize register variation in Catalan. Ethnolinguistic boundaries have weakened considerably since 1987. Peers are no longer categorized on the basis of language background, but in voluntaristic and commodified stylistic terms. Bilingualism is the normal expectation, and while language choice has lost its solidarity value since 1987, functional Castilian monolingualism is a socially marked choice. [Keywords: language attitudes, language ideology, linguistic identity, national identity, youth language]

Bourdieu and the economics of language in Catalonia

Aquest article revisa primer la teoria influent de Pierre Bourdieu sobre l’economia dels intercanvis lingüístics i sobre el paper del capital lingüístic i simbòlic en la reproducció social. Planteja qüestions que resten pendents sobre la universalitat de la teoria, el seu èmfasi en l’escolarització com a nexe per a convertir diferents formes de capital en capital simbòlic, i el fet de no considerar els efectes separats del poder econòmic i polític o institucional sobre el capital lingüístic quan els mercats lingüístics no estan totalment integrats. La segona part de l’article aporta proves empíriques del cas català sobre aquestes qüestions. Una visió general dels resultats de recerques econòmiques i etnogràfiques o experimentals sobre la llengua a la Catalunya autònoma suggereix que, malgrat Bourdieu, els canvis en la política lingüística i les pràctiques lingüístiques dels individus semblen disminuir d’una manera concreta les distincions econòmiques i socials preexistents entre grups etnolingüístics.This article first reviews Pierre Bourdieu’s influential theory of the economics of linguistic exchanges and of the role of linguistic and symbolic capital in social reproduction. It raises questions that remain unaddressed about the theory’s universality, its emphasis on schooling as the nexus for converting different forms of capital into symbolic capital, and its failure to consider the separate effects of economic and political/institutional power on linguistic capital when linguistic markets are not fully integrated. The second part of the article brings empirical evidence from Catalonia to bear on those questions. An overview of findings of economic and ethnographic/ experimental research on language in autonomous Catalonia suggests that, pace Bourdieu, changes in language policy and individual linguistic practices appear to diminish in some concrete ways the pre-existing economic and social distinctions between ethnolinguistic groups

Les ideologies lingüístiques: una visió general d'un camp des de l'antropologia lingüística

En respondre al repte de la gestió de la diversitat lingüística a l’Estat espanyol, s’ha argumentat que la lluita ideològica per la legitimació de determinades visions del món lingüístic ha de ser explicada per poder-hi intervenir. Des del camp d’estudi de les ideologies lingüístiques, l’antropologia lingüística examina la qüestió de com es legitima una llengua als ulls i a les orelles dels membres d’una comunitat. Al món occidental modern trobem dues ideologies lingüístiques que, amb freqüència, sostenen l’autoritat lingüística en aquest sentit. Les podem anomenar les ideologies de l’autenticitat i de l’anonimat. Cada una d’aquestes naturalitza un tipus de relació entre una determinada varietat lingüística i un determinat estat de la societat. La distinció pot resultar útil per analitzar, d’una banda, els intents de definició de l’espanyol com a llengua “postnacional”, i, de l’altra, la situació de la llengua catalana avui. Aquest article esbossa les dues ideologies en contrast i les il·lustra breument amb uns exemples d’Europa i dels Estats Units. Seguidament, aplica aquest marc teòric a la situació actual de l’espanyol i del català a Espanya i Catalunya. Com a conclusió, considera les possibilitats de noves formacions ideològiques en el camp sociolingüístic

Just use it! Linguistic conversion and identities of resistance amongst Galician new speakers

In recent years there has been a focus in language policy research on understanding how national policies are interpreted and negotiated by social actors on the ground. This paper looks at the interplay between government and grassroots initiatives to create Galician-speaking spaces in predominantly Spanish-speaking urban settings. While official language policies in Galicia since the 1980s have increased the potential for language use through bilingual educational policies, these policies have failed to convert the large pool of potential speakers amongst a younger generation of Galicians into active language users. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews with Galician neofalantes (new speakers) this paper looks at instances where such policies seem to have worked and where the linguistic capacity created through the education system has been converted into active language use. The article examines how such speakers rationalise their practice of linguistic conversion not as success stories of language policy but as reactions to and dissatisfaction with what is perceived as ‘top-down’ governmentality through a reflexive process in which existing power structures are brought into question. The article looks specifically as the ideologies underpinning their decisions to become active speakers and the role they play as language planners in contemporary Galicia

Post‐socialist language ideologies in action: Linking interview context and language ideology through stance

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136334/1/josl12225_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136334/2/josl12225.pd

Association of Accelerometry-Measured Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Events in Mobility-Limited Older Adults: The LIFE (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders) Study.

BACKGROUND:Data are sparse regarding the value of physical activity (PA) surveillance among older adults-particularly among those with mobility limitations. The objective of this study was to examine longitudinal associations between objectively measured daily PA and the incidence of cardiovascular events among older adults in the LIFE (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders) study. METHODS AND RESULTS:Cardiovascular events were adjudicated based on medical records review, and cardiovascular risk factors were controlled for in the analysis. Home-based activity data were collected by hip-worn accelerometers at baseline and at 6, 12, and 24 months postrandomization to either a physical activity or health education intervention. LIFE study participants (n=1590; age 78.9±5.2 [SD] years; 67.2% women) at baseline had an 11% lower incidence of experiencing a subsequent cardiovascular event per 500 steps taken per day based on activity data (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.96; P=0.001). At baseline, every 30 minutes spent performing activities ≥500 counts per minute (hazard ratio, 0.75; confidence interval, 0.65-0.89 [P=0.001]) were also associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events. Throughout follow-up (6, 12, and 24 months), both the number of steps per day (per 500 steps; hazard ratio, 0.90, confidence interval, 0.85-0.96 [P=0.001]) and duration of activity ≥500 counts per minute (per 30 minutes; hazard ratio, 0.76; confidence interval, 0.63-0.90 [P=0.002]) were significantly associated with lower cardiovascular event rates. CONCLUSIONS:Objective measurements of physical activity via accelerometry were associated with cardiovascular events among older adults with limited mobility (summary score >10 on the Short Physical Performance Battery) both using baseline and longitudinal data. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01072500

Exploring contested authenticity among speakers of a contested language: the case of ‘Francoprovençal'

This paper explores the notion of speaker authenticity in the context of obsolescent ‘Francoprovençal’: a highly fragmented grouping of Romance varieties spoken in parts of France, Italy, and Switzerland by less than 1% of the total regional population. While Francoprovençal has long been losing ground to the dominant language(s) with which it is in contact, new speakers have begun to emerge within the context of revitalisation movements and activities geared more favourable language planning policies and increased literacy. The emergence of these new speakers has polarised native-speaker communities, and has blurred the lines associated with the traditional view of sociolinguistic authenticity. Through an analysis of qualitative data collected in 2012, this article argues in particular that it may not be sufficient to simply examine contested authenticities from a native–non-native perspective, but rather it is important to consider how new speakers might themselves form a complex spectrum of speaker types with new sets of tensions as has been argued elsewhere