29 research outputs found
Characterizing Undetected Stellar Companions with Combined Datasets
Binaries play a critical role in the formation, evolution, and fundamental
properties of planets, stars, and stellar associations. Observational studies
in these areas often include a mix of observations aimed at detecting or ruling
out the presence of stellar companions. Rarely can non-detections rule out all
possible binary configurations. Here we present MOLUSC, our framework for
constraining the range of properties of unseen companions using astrometric,
imaging, and velocity information. We showcase the use of MOLUSC on a number of
systems, ruling out stellar false positives in the signals of HIP67522b, and DS
Tuc Ab. We also demonstrate how MOLUSC could be used to predict the number of
missing companions in a stellar sample using the ZEIT sample of young planet
hosts. Although our results are not significant, with a larger sample MOLUSC
could be used to see if close-in planets are less common in young binary
systems, as is seen for their older counterparts.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables, Accepted to A
A Lithium Depletion Age for the Carina Association
The dispersed remnants of stellar nurseries, stellar associations provide
unparalleled samples of coeval stars critical for studies of stellar and
planetary formation and evolution. The Carina Stellar Association is one of the
closest stellar associations to Earth, and yet measurements of its age have
varied from 13 to 45 Myr. We aim to update the age of Carina using the Lithium
Depletion Boundary method. We obtain new measurements of the Li 6708 Angstrom,
absorption feature in likely members using optical spectra from the Goodman HTS
on SOAR and NRES on LCO. We detect the depletion boundary at M_K ~= 6.8 (M5),
which corresponds to an age of 41(+3,-5) Myr. The age is consistent within
uncertainties across six different models, including those that account for
magnetic fields and spots. We also estimate the age through analysis of the
group's overall variability, and by comparing the association members' CMD to
stellar evolutionary models using a Gaussian Mixture Model, recovering ages
consistent with the LDB. The resulting age agrees with the older end of
previous age measurements and is consistent with the lithium depletion age for
the neighboring Tucana-Horologium Moving Group.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted to AJ on 10/17/202
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). X. A Two-planet System in the 210 Myr MELANGE-5 Association
Young (<500 Myr) planets are critical to studying how planets form and evolve. Among these young planetary systems, multiplanet configurations are particularly useful, as they provide a means to control for variables within a system. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a young planetary system, TOI-1224. We show that the planet host resides within a young population we denote as MELANGE-5. By employing a range of age-dating methodsâisochrone fitting, lithium abundance analysis, gyrochronology, and Gaia excess variabilityâwe estimate the age of MELANGE-5 to be 210 ± 27 Myr. MELANGE-5 is situated in close proximity to previously identified younger (80â110 Myr) associations, Crius 221 and Theia 424/Volans-Carina, motivating further work to map out the group boundaries. In addition to a planet candidate detected by the TESS pipeline and alerted as a TESS object of interest, TOI-1224 b, we identify a second planet, TOI-1224 c, using custom search tools optimized for young stars (Notch and LOCoR). We find that the planets are 2.10 ± 0.09 Râ and 2.88 ± 0.10 Râ and orbit their host star every 4.18 and 17.95 days, respectively. With their bright (K = 9.1 mag), small (R* = 0.44 Râ), and cool (Teff = 3326 K) host star, these planets represent excellent candidates for atmospheric characterization with JWST
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VII : Membership, rotation, and lithium in the young cluster Group-X and a new young exoplanet
The public, all-sky surveys Gaia and TESS provide the ability to identify new
young associations and determine their ages. These associations enable study of
planetary evolution by providing new opportunities to discover young
exoplanets. A young association was recently identified by Tang et al. and
F{\"u}rnkranz et al. using astrometry from Gaia (called "Group-X" by the
former). In this work, we investigate the age and membership of this
association; and we validate the exoplanet TOI 2048 b, which was identified to
transit a young, late G dwarf in Group-X using photometry from TESS. We first
identified new candidate members of Group-X using Gaia EDR3 data. To infer the
age of the association, we measured rotation periods for candidate members
using TESS data. The clear color--period sequence indicates that the
association is the same age as the Myr-old NGC 3532. We obtained
optical spectra for candidate members that show lithium absorption consistent
with this young age. Further, we serendipitously identify a new, small
association nearby Group-X, which we call MELANGE-2. Lastly, we statistically
validate TOI 2048 b, which is \rearth\ radius planet on a 13.8-day
orbit around its 300 Myr-old host star.Comment: Revised to correct error in reported planet radius (original: 2.1
Earth radii, corrected: 2.6 Earth radii) and units for planetary radius ratio
entries in Table 8. All data tables available open-access with the AJ articl
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IX: a 27 Myr extended population of Lower-Centaurus Crux with a transiting two-planet system
We report the discovery and characterization of a nearby (~ 85 pc), older (27
+/- 3 Myr), distributed stellar population near Lower-Centaurus-Crux (LCC),
initially identified by searching for stars co-moving with a candidate
transiting planet from TESS (HD 109833; TOI 1097). We determine the association
membership using Gaia kinematics, color-magnitude information, and rotation
periods of candidate members. We measure it's age using isochrones,
gyrochronology, and Li depletion. While the association is near known
populations of LCC, we find that it is older than any previously found LCC
sub-group (10-16 Myr), and distinct in both position and velocity. In addition
to the candidate planets around HD 109833 the association contains four
directly-imaged planetary-mass companions around 3 stars, YSES-1, YSES-2, and
HD 95086, all of which were previously assigned membership in the younger LCC.
Using the Notch pipeline, we identify a second candidate transiting planet
around HD 109833. We use a suite of ground-based follow-up observations to
validate the two transit signals as planetary in nature. HD 109833 b and c join
the small but growing population of <100 Myr transiting planets from TESS. HD
109833 has a rotation period and Li abundance indicative of a young age (< 100
Myr), but a position and velocity on the outskirts of the new population, lower
Li levels than similar members, and a CMD position below model predictions for
27 Myr. So, we cannot reject the possibility that HD 109833 is a young field
star coincidentally nearby the population.Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures, Accepted for publication in A
TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). X. A Two-planet System in the 210 Myr MELANGE-5 Association
Young (<500 Myr) planets are critical to studying how planets form and evolve. Among these young planetary systems, multiplanet configurations are particularly useful, as they provide a means to control for variables within a system. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a young planetary system, TOI-1224. We show that the planet host resides within a young population we denote as MELANGE-5. By employing a range of age-dating methodsâisochrone fitting, lithium abundance analysis, gyrochronology, and Gaia excess variabilityâwe estimate the age of MELANGE-5 to be 210 ± 27 Myr. MELANGE-5 is situated in close proximity to previously identified younger (80â110 Myr) associations, Crius 221 and Theia 424/Volans-Carina, motivating further work to map out the group boundaries. In addition to a planet candidate detected by the TESS pipeline and alerted as a TESS object of interest, TOI-1224 b, we identify a second planet, TOI-1224 c, using custom search tools optimized for young stars (Notch and LOCoR). We find that the planets are 2.10 ± 0.09 Râ and 2.88 ± 0.10 Râ and orbit their host star every 4.18 and 17.95 days, respectively. With their bright (K = 9.1 mag), small (R* = 0.44 Râ), and cool (Teff = 3326 K) host star, these planets represent excellent candidates for atmospheric characterization with JWST
The orbit and stellar masses of the archetype colliding-wind binary WR 140
We present updated orbital elements for the Wolf-Rayet (WR) binary WR 140 (HD
193793; WC7pd + O5.5fc). The new orbital elements were derived using previously
published measurements along with 160 new radial velocity measurements across
the 2016 periastron passage of WR 140. Additionally, four new measurements of
the orbital astrometry were collected with the CHARA Array. With these
measurements, we derive stellar masses of
and . We also include a discussion of the
evolutionary history of this system from the Binary Population and Spectral
Synthesis (BPASS) model grid to show that this WR star likely formed primarily
through mass loss in the stellar winds, with only a moderate amount of mass
lost or transferred through binary interactions.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure
TESS hunt for young and maturing exoplanets (THYME). III. A two-planet system in the 400 Myr Ursa major group
A.W.M. was supported through NASA's Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (80NSSC19K0583). M.L.W. was supported by a grant through NASA's K2 GO program (80NSSC19K0097). This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant No. DGE-1650116 to P.C.T. A.V.'s work was performed under contract with the California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory funded by NASA through the Sagan Fellowship Program executed by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. D.D. acknowledges support from NASA through Caltech/JPL grant RSA-1006130 and through the TESS Guest Investigator Program grant 80NSSC19K1727.Exoplanets can evolve significantly between birth and maturity, as their atmospheres, orbits, and structures are shaped by their environment. Young planets (<1 Gyr) offer an opportunity to probe the critical early stages of this evolution, where planets evolve the fastest. However, most of the known young planets orbit prohibitively faint stars. We present the discovery of two planets transiting HD 63433 (TOI 1726, TIC 130181866), a young Sun-like (Mâ=0.99±0.03) star. Through kinematics, lithium abundance, and rotation, we confirm that HD 63433 is a member of the Ursa Major moving group (Ï=414±23 Myr). Based on the TESS light curve and updated stellar parameters, we estimate the planet radii are 2.15±0.10Râ and 2.67±0.12Râ, the orbital periods are 7.11 and 20.55 days, and the orbital eccentricities are lower than about 0.2. Using HARPS-N velocities, we measure the Rossiter-McLaughlin signal of the inner planet, demonstrating that the orbit is prograde. Since the host star is bright (V=6.9), both planets are amenable to transmission spectroscopy, radial velocity measurements of their masses, and more precise determination of the stellar obliquity. This system is therefore poised to play an important role in our understanding of planetary system evolution in the first billion years after formation.PostprintPeer reviewe
OpenSAFELY: The impact of COVIDâ19 on azathioprine, leflunomide and methotrexate monitoring, and factors associated with change in monitoring rate
Aims
The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented pressure on healthcare services. This study investigates whether disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) safety monitoring was affected during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
A population-based cohort study was conducted using the OpenSAFELY platform to access electronic health record data from 24.2 million patients registered at general practices using TPP's SystmOne software. Patients were included for further analysis if prescribed azathioprine, leflunomide or methotrexate between November 2019 and July 2022. Outcomes were assessed as monthly trends and variation between various sociodemographic and clinical groups for adherence with standard safety monitoring recommendations.
Results
An acute increase in the rate of missed monitoring occurred across the study population (+12.4 percentage points) when lockdown measures were implemented in March 2020. This increase was more pronounced for some patient groups (70â79âyear-olds: +13.7 percentage points; females: +12.8 percentage points), regions (North West: +17.0 percentage points), medications (leflunomide: +20.7 percentage points) and monitoring tests (blood pressure: +24.5 percentage points). Missed monitoring rates decreased substantially for all groups by July 2022. Consistent differences were observed in overall missed monitoring rates between several groups throughout the study.
Conclusion
DMARD monitoring rates temporarily deteriorated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Deterioration coincided with the onset of lockdown measures, with monitoring rates recovering rapidly as lockdown measures were eased. Differences observed in monitoring rates between medications, tests, regions and patient groups highlight opportunities to tackle potential inequalities in the provision or uptake of monitoring services. Further research should evaluate the causes of the differences identified between groups