Sfortran : strukturierte Programmierung mit Hilfe eines Preprocessors

Es wird ein Preprocessor für FORTRAN-Programme vorgestellt. Dieser Preprocessor besizt standardmäßig einen Sprachumfang, in dem die Programmiersprache FORTRAN vollständig enthalten ist. Bei der Wohl der zusätzlichen Statements wurden weitgehend Elemente der strukturierten Programmierung berücksichtigt. Ebenso wurden viele Statements der ANSI FORTRAN 77 - Norm aufgenommen, um bereits jetzt Programme weitgehend an diese neue Norm anpossen zu können. Daneben bietet SFORTRAN weitere Möglichkeiten eines Preprocessors, wie z.B. das Einfügen von Source-Code an bestimmte Stellen im Programm (INCLUDE) sowie die Ausgabe des Ouellprogrammes in strukurierter Form. Da SFORTRAN auch als Macro-Processor konzipiert ist, können Benutzer-eigene Macros definiert werden. SFORTRAN kann auf jedem Computer-System eingesetzt werden, da der Preprocessor vollständig in ANSI FORTRAN SS (FORTRAN IV) geschrieben ist

Quantitative assessment of mine water sources based on the general mixing equation and multivariate statistics

It is sometimes necessary to quantify the different sources of water entering a mine, based on the hydrochemical nature of the waters from individual aquifers that contribute to the mine water mixture. In order to solve the general mixing equation, a software tool, KYBL-7, was developed; its computational methodology is generally based on the balance of selected components of mine waters in steady state conditions, without considering chemical reactions. This approach was applied in the Sokolov Coal Basin, which is situated in the immediate vicinity of Carlsbad (Karlovy Vary), a worldwide renowned spa in the northern part of the Czech Republic. The technology and coal mining methods used in the Sokolov Coal Basin are limited due to its proximity to the Carlsbad thermal springs. Because of their social and economic significance, these springs are protected. Calculations proved that the Carlsbad waters contribute approximately 3 % to the mine water. The imbalance in the mine water mixture using known source waters was quantified by including an ‘unknown source’ in the mixture simulation. Geochemical modelling demonstrated that the water quality is a result of geochemical reactions of waters in contact with the atmosphere and the reverse dissolution of the accumulated precipitates in the open pit areas. Those results have been used to assess future technical measures that can be taken to protect the Carlsbad thermal waters.Gelegentlich ist es notwendig, das mengenmäßige Verhältnis verschiedenen Quellen von Wässern zu bestimmen, die einem Bergwerk zufließen. Dies geschieht auf der Basis der hydrochemischen Eigenschaften der Wässer der unterschiedlichen Aquifere, die zur Zusammensetzung des Grubenwassers beitragen. Um die allgemeine Mischungsgleichung zu lösen, wurde die Software KYBL-7 entwickelt. Dessen numerische Methode basiert auf dem Gleichgewicht ausgewählter Parameter des Grubenwassers unter stationären Bedingungen ohne dabei chemische Reaktionen in Betracht zu ziehen. Vorgenannte Methode wurde im Sokolov Kohlebecken angewandt, das sich in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zu Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) befindet; einem weltweit bekannten Thermalkurort im Norden der Tschechischen Republik. Die Thermalquellen selbst sind aufgrund ihrer gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung geschützt. Daher sind im Sokolov Kohlebecken aufgrund der Nähe zu diesen Thermalquellen manche Technologien und Methoden zum Kohlenabbau nur begrenzt einsetzbar. Berechnungen haben jedoch belegt, dass die Karlsbader Wässer etwa 3 % des Grubenwassers ausmachen. Dem Ungleichgewicht in der Grubenwasserzusammensetzung unter Verwendung der bekannten Wassertypen wurde dadurch Rechnung getragen, dass eine „unbekannte Quelle“in das Modell einbezogen wurde. Eine geochemische Modellierung hat gezeigt, dass die Wasserqualität ein Ergebnis geochemischen Reaktionen der Wässer mit der Atmosphäre einerseits und Rücklösung von Ausfällungsprodukten andererseits ist. Diese Ergebnisse wurden verwendet um potentielle technische Maßnahmen zu prüfen, mit denen die Karlsbader Thermalwässer künftig besser geschützt werden können.Web of Science31426525

Dörfliche Milieus im vereinigten Deutschland: ein Vergleich qualitativer und quantitativer Daten

'In Folge der deutschen Vereinigung entstand eine Vielzahl sozialwissenschaftlicher Studien, die sich mit dem gesamtdeutschen Transformatiosnprozeß beschäftigen. Die ost- und westdeutschen Befindlichkeiten werden darin in mannigfacher sozialstatistischer Weise dargestellt. In der Mehrzahl dieser Arbeiten werden quantiative Methoden genutzt. Demgegenüber stehen wenige qualitative Arbeiten, die versuchen, die regionalisierten Lebenswelten verstehbar zu machen. In der hier vorgestellten Untersuchung wird durch die Nutzung verschiedener methodischer Ansätze die Verbindung zwischen qualitativen und quantitativen Forschungsergebnissen, vor dem Hintergrund eines handlungsleitenden räumlichen Konfliktes, gegeben.' (Autorenreferat)'The German reunion has given rise to a multitude of studies that deal with the transformation process within the reunited Germany. Conditions and opinions East and West have been described by a variety of social statistics, using for the main part quantitative methods. On the other hand there are a few studies of qualitative approach which aim at the description of regional milieus. The current project means to integrate the findings of both qualtative and quantitative research using various methodological approaches.' (author's abstract)

Modelling the hydrogeochemical evolution of mine water in a decommissioned opencast coal mine

A method for the geochemical modelling of transient contaminant release from rehabilitated opencast coal mines, including calibration against existing data, is proposed. The need for such a methodology is illustrated by a directive received by a decommissioned opencast coal mine in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Groundwater monitoring data, geochemical analyses, numerical flow modelling and geochemical modelling are used to model the hydrogeochemical evolution of mine water over time. Models presented in this study are based on a conceptual model detailing groundwater levels and flow directions, hydraulic conductivities, groundwater chemistry, precipitation, evaporation, surface water bodies and potential sources. Additional to this, mineralogical analyses, leaching tests and acid-base accounting were performed to obtain a better understanding of the site geochemistry. A geochemical model was constructed which was used to obtain a statistically representative mineral assemblage based on laboratory data which was calibrated against leaching test data. This assemblage was simulated in field conditions as input to a numerical flow and transport model. The transport of sulfate was modelled accordingly and sulfate concentrations from monitoring data were used for chemical calibration. Following this, long term contaminant release was simulated. Calibration graphs from the transport model indicated concentrations within a 20 mg/L error margin, showing that the proposed methodology can be used to calculate contaminant concentrations in an aquifer over time within an acceptable range. This approach could provide an improved estimate of the duration of the first flush which, upon completion, will transform decommissioned collieries into large scale reservoirs of utilisable groundwater.Geo Pollution Technologies – Gauteng (Pty) Ltd.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo2017-07-01Mining Engineerin

Demographischer Wandel und Tourismus

In vielen Regionen Deutschlands spielt der Tourismus- und Freizeitmarkt eine bedeutende Rolle. Der Tourismus bietet den Zieldestinationen bezüglich der räumlichen Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels nicht nur Risiken, sondern durchaus auch erhebliche Chancen. Die wichtigsten Veränderungen des demographischen Wandels für Freizeit und Tourismus betreffen die Gruppe der „Jungen Erwachsenen“ und die Gruppe der „Älteren Menschen“ (50plus-Generation). Beide Gruppen sind durch die Entwicklungen der Erlebnisgesellschaft geprägt. Diese zeichnet sich durch eine Vervielfältigung, Ausdifferenzierung und Fragmentierung aller Formen des Genusses aus (Lebensstile, Konsumstile, Freizeitstile). In Reaktion darauf ist auch der Freizeit- und Tourismusmarkt immer segmentierter und heterogener geworden. Gleichzeitig ist er – insbesondere im Bereich der „Jungen Erwachsenen“ – durch eine extreme Schnelllebigkeit und die Abhängigkeit von sich rasch vollziehenden Zyklusverläufen gekennzeichnet. Für Planung, Entwicklung und Marketing ist die Arbeit deshalb mit immer größeren Risiken behaftet.Tourism and the leisure industry are important business sectors in many of Germany’s regions. For those areas which represent the destinations for tourism, and against the background of the effects of demographic change, tourism poses not only threats, but also significant opportunities. As far as tourism and leisure are concerned, the most important demographic changes affect “young adults” and “older adults” (the 50+ generation). Both groups display characteristics associated with the rise of what has been termed the “experience society”. The defining features of this society are the proliferation, diversification and fragmentation of all forms of pleasure-seeking (life-styles, consumption patterns, leisure pursuits). The tourism and leisure sector has responded by becoming increasingly segmented and heterogeneous. At the same time, this sector is characterised – especially with regard to the “young adults” group – by the extremely fast rate of change and its dependency on quickly completed cyclical processes. As far as planning, development and marketing are concerned, work in this sector is therefore fraught with increasingly great risks

Iron-mineral accretion from acid mine drainage and its application in passive treatment

This study demonstrates substantial removal of iron (Fe) from acid mine drainage (pH ≈3) in a passive vertical flow reactor (VFR) with an equivalent footprint of 154 m2 per L/s mine water and residence times of >23 h. Average Fe removal rate was 67% with a high of 85% over the 10-month trial. The fraction of Fe passing a 0.22 µm filter (referred to here as Fe-filt) was seen to be removed in the VFR even when Fe(II) was absent, indicating that the contribution of microbial Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation was not the dominant removal mechanism in the VFR. Removal rates of Fe-filt in the VFR were up to 70% in residence times as low as 8 h compared with laboratory experiments where much smaller changes in Fe-filt were observed over 60 h. Centrifugation indicated that 80–90% of the influent Fe had particle sizes <35 nm. Together with analyses and geochemical modelling, this suggests that the Fe-filt fraction exists as either truly aqueous (but oversaturated) Fe(III) or nanoparticulate Fe(III) and that this metastability persists. When the water was contacted with VFR sludge, the Fe-filt fraction was destabilized, leading to an appreciably higher removal of this fraction. Heterogeneous precipitation and/or aggregation of nanoparticulate Fe(III) precipitates are considered predominant removal mechanisms. Microbial analyses of the mine water revealed the abundance of extracellular polymeric substance-generating Fe-oxidizing bacterium ‘Ferrovum myxofaciens’, which may aid the removal of iron and explain the unusual appearance and physical properties of the sludge

Guidance for the integrated use of hydrological, geochemical, and isotopic tools in mining operations

This paper summarizes international state-of-the-art applications and opportunities for employing and deploying hydrological, geochemical, and isotopic tools in an integrated manner for investigations of mining operations. It is intended to aid formulation of more integrated approaches for evaluating the overall sustainability of mining projects. The focus is particularly on mine waters, including: environmental water sources, mine water dynamics, and as a source and vector for pollution in the wider environment. The guidance is generic to mining projects and not just reflective of a particular extraction (e.g. coal, metalliferous, uranium) industry. A mine life cycle perspective has been adopted to highlight the potential for more integrated investigations at each stage of a mining operation. Three types of mines have been considered: new (i.e. those in the planning stage), active (i.e. working mines), and historical mines (i.e. inactive and abandoned mines). The practical usage of geochemical analyses and isotopic studies described here emphasise characterisation, dynamics, and process understanding for water quality considerations in tandem with water resource and environmental impact implications. Both environmental (i.e. ambient) and applied (i.e. injected) tracers are considered. This guide is written for scientists (including isotope specialists) who have limited or no mine water experience, environmental managers, planners, consultants, and regulators with key interests in planned, active, and legacy mining projects.The authors thank the IAEA for inviting us to collate an initial report on guidelines from 2018-06-25–28 in Vienna. We thank Chris Gammons for allowing us to use one of his fgures. We especially thank Umaya Doss Saravana Kumar, Lucia Ortega, and Araguás-Araguás from IAEA for assistance, and Andrea Nick for input during the meeting. Special thanks to our reviewers who substantially helped improve the structure and content of this guidance document

Photosynthetic pigments in acid mine drainage: Seasonal patterns and associations with stressful abiotic characteristics

Acid mine drainage represents an extreme type of water pollution. The environments develop especial hydrochemical and ecological characteristics, such as high concentrations of acidity and low biodiversity, with dominance of acidophilic organisms. Ecological criteria are assuming increasing relevance for assessing water quality, including in acid mine drainage-affected systems. Photosynthetic pigments, like chlorophyll, could be considered in this context as they are generally used to estimate phytoplankton biomass. The present work was focused on acid mine drainage and their relationships with chlorophyll a. It was developed in the historic mine of São Domingos (Iberian Pyrite Belt, SW Europe). The methodological approach comprised two sampling campaigns (October and February) to represent seasonal behaviour. The diversity of hydrological conditions was also considered through sampling sites established in the pit lake, acidic lagoons and affected stream. Hydrochemistry and chlorophyll a were analysed. The obtained results revealed very low pH values, with a minimum of 2.1. In general, hydrochemistry indicates higher concentrations of pollutants in summer. One of the sampling point, located in an acidic lagoon, stood out by highest concentrations, presenting maximum of sulfate (6564 mg/L), As (6.26 mg/L), and metals like Al (675 mg/L), Cd (1,30 mg/L), Zn (199 mg/L). These highest concentrations coincided with the maximum concentration of chlorophyll a (113 μg/L). The results suggested that the more contaminated the environment, more chlorophyll a was produced. Factor analyses emphasised the relationships between acid drainage properties and the photosynthetic activity, indicating a strong pH dependency of chlorophyll a production.Patricia Gomes acknowledges FCT (Science and Technology Foundation, Portugal) by the research fellowship under the POCH (Programa Operacional Capital Humano) supported by the European Social Fund and National Funds of MCTES with reference SFRH/BD/108887/2015. This work was co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, based on COMPETE 2020 - project ICT (UID/GEO/04683/2013) with reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690 and by project Nano-MINENV number 029259. The authors are also deeply grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions