22,827 research outputs found
Entanglement and Frustration in Ordered Systems
This article reviews and extends recent results concerning entanglement and
frustration in multipartite systems which have some symmetry with respect to
the ordering of the particles. Starting point of the discussion are Bell
inequalities: their relation to frustration in classical systems and their
satisfaction for quantum states which have a symmetric extension. It is then
discussed how more general global symmetries of multipartite systems constrain
the entanglement between two neighboring particles. We prove that maximal
entanglement (measured in terms of the entanglement of formation) is always
attained for the ground state of a certain nearest neighbor interaction
Hamiltonian having the considered symmetry with the achievable amount of
entanglement being a function of the ground state energy. Systems of Gaussian
states, i.e. quantum harmonic oscillators, are investigated in more detail and
the results are compared to what is known about ordered qubit systems.Comment: 13 pages, for the Proceedings of QIT-EQIS'0
Matrix Product State Representations
This work gives a detailed investigation of matrix product state (MPS)
representations for pure multipartite quantum states. We determine the freedom
in representations with and without translation symmetry, derive respective
canonical forms and provide efficient methods for obtaining them. Results on
frustration free Hamiltonians and the generation of MPS are extended, and the
use of the MPS-representation for classical simulations of quantum systems is
discussed.Comment: Minor changes. To appear in QI
Estimating and validating the interbeat intervals of the heart using near-infrared spectroscopy on the human forehead
In studies with near-infrared spectroscopy, the recorded signals contain information on the temporal interbeat intervals of the heart. If this cardiac information is needed exclusively and could directly be extracted, an additional electrocardiography device would be unnecessary. The aim was to estimate these intervals from signals measured with near-infrared spectroscopy with two novel approaches. In one approach, we model the heartbeat oscillations in these signals with a Fourier series where the coefficients and the fundamental frequency can continuously change over time. The time-dependent model parameters are estimated and used to calculate the interbeat intervals. The second approach uses empirical mode decomposition. The signal measured with near-infrared spectroscopy is empirically decomposed into a set of oscillatory components. The sum of a specific subset of them is an estimate of the pure heartbeat signal in which the diastolic peaks and consequential interbeat intervals are detected. We show in simultaneous electrocardiography and near-infrared spectroscopy measurements on 11 subjects (8 men and 3 woman with mean age 32.8 ± 8.1 yr), that the interbeat intervals (and the consequential pulse rate variability measures), estimated using the proposed approaches, are in high agreement with their correspondents from electrocardiography
Entanglement frustration for Gaussian states on symmetric graphs
We investigate the entanglement properties of multi-mode Gaussian states,
which have some symmetry with respect to the ordering of the modes. We show how
the symmetry constraints the entanglement between two modes of the system. In
particular, we determine the maximal entanglement of formation that can be
achieved in symmetric graphs like chains, 2d and 3d lattices, mean field models
and the platonic solids. The maximal entanglement is always attained for the
ground state of a particular quadratic Hamiltonian. The latter thus yields the
maximal entanglement among all quadratic Hamiltonians having the considered
symmetry.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Biological Pathway Specificity in the Cell—Does Molecular Diversity Matter?
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150499/1/bies201800244_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150499/2/bies201800244.pd
Modelling confounding effects from extracerebral contamination and systemic factors on functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Haemodynamics-based neuroimaging is widely used to study brain function. Regional blood flow changes characteristic of neurovascular coupling provide an important marker of neuronal activation. However, changes in systemic physiological parameters such as blood pressure and concentration of CO2 can also affect regional blood flow and may confound haemodynamics-based neuroimaging. Measurements with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) may additionally be confounded by blood flow and oxygenation changes in extracerebral tissue layers. Here we investigate these confounds using an extended version of an existing computational model of cerebral physiology, 'BrainSignals'. Our results show that confounding from systemic physiological factors is able to produce misleading haemodynamic responses in both positive and negative directions. By applying the model to data from previous fNIRS studies, we demonstrate that such potentially deceptive responses can indeed occur in at least some experimental scenarios. It is therefore important to record the major potential confounders in the course of fNIRS experiments. Our model may then allow the observed behaviour to be attributed among the potential causes and hence reduce identification errors
High expression of cannabinoid receptor 2 on cytokine-induced killer cells and multiple myeloma cells
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by aberrant bone marrow plasma cell (PC) proliferation and is one of the most common hematological malignancies. The potential effect of cannabinoids on the immune system and hematological malignancies has been poorly characterized. Cannabidiol (CBD) may be used to treat various diseases. CBD is known to exert immunomodulatory effects through the activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), which is expressed in high levels in the hematopoietic system. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of polyclonal T lymphocytes obtained via ex vivo sequential incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ), anti CD3 monoclonal antibody, and IL-2. They are characterized by the expression of CD3+ and CD56+, which are surface markers common to T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. CIK cells are mainly used in hematological patients who suffer relapse after allogeneic transplantation. Here, we investigated their antitumor effect in combination with pure cannabidiol in KMS-12 MM cells by lactate dehydrogenase LDH cytotoxicity assay, CCK-8 assay, and flow cytometry analysis. The surface and intracellular CB2 expressions on CIK cells and on KMS-12 and U-266 MM cell lines were also detected by flow cytometry. Our findings confirm that the CB2 receptor is highly expressed on CIK cells as well as on MM cells. CBD was able to decrease the viability of tumor cells and can have a protective role for CIK cells. It also inhibits the cytotoxic activity of CIKs against MM at high concentrations, so in view of a clinical perspective, it has to be considered that the lower concentration of 1 µM can be used in combination with CIK cells. Further studies will be required to address the mechanism of CBD modulation of CIK cells in more detail
Renormalization group transformations on quantum states
We construct a general renormalization group transformation on quantum
states, independent of any Hamiltonian dynamics of the system. We illustrate
this procedure for translational invariant matrix product states in one
dimension and show that product, GHZ, W and domain wall states are special
cases of an emerging classification of the fixed points of this
coarse--graining transformation.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figur
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