Related statistical anomalies in the determination of royalty rates : comments on the problem

PURPOSE: This study aims at synthesising the impact of the human factor on the occurrence of statistical anomalies in the distribution of the incidence of royalty rates in license contracts. As a research basis for our study we have used the results of two empirical studies on royalty rates in contracts.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The methods used to value intangible rights for licensing purposes should theoretically ensure objectivity. As a result, the analysis of statistical data on the frequency of royalty percentages should provide information on the profitability of licensing specific rights, both in the industry studied and in the economy as a whole. However, statistics of actual royalty rates show an above-average use of some percentage rates (e.g., 5%, 10%) against a relatively low representation of others.FINDINGS: This paper points to the human factor as the cause of the anomalies found. This influence manifests itself in arbitrary decision-making without economic justification in the valuation process, as well as in the negotiation of royalty rates. The arbitrariness of valuation experts and negotiators, as indicated in the paper, manifests itself primarily in a tendency to round up and rely on numerical schemes.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The research we have carried out can contribute to analyses covering the broad spectrum of human factor influences in the royalty valuation and negotiation process.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Analysis of the fee for services on statistical anomalies in determining Royalty Rates. The human factor was indicated as the source of these anomalies.peer-reviewe

Recent developments in maleic acid synthesis from bio-based chemicals

This review paper presents the current state of the art on maleic acid synthesis from biomass-derived chemicals over homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. It is based on the most recent publications on the topic, which are discussed in details with respect to the observed catalytic performances. The recent developments and the technical drawbacks in the gas and the liquid phases are also reported. In addition, recent results on the mechanistic aspect are discussed giving insights into the probable reaction mechanisms depending on the starting molecule (furan, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural)

Effects of mass transfers and heating rates during bark and wood hydrothermal treatment

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Aerobic oxidation of 1,6-hexanediol to adipic acid over Au-based catalysts: the role of basic supports

1,6-Hexanediol is a relevant building blocks that could be obtained from biomass and transformed under base free conditions into adipic acid used for polymer synthesis

Supported gold nanoparticles: base-free oxidations for biomass upgrading

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Conversion de biomasse cellulosique en énergie et produits et implications pour le climat et le développement durable

International audienc

Challenges in Green processing and Process intensification

International audienc

Strategies for biomass valorization. What are the potential chemicals and how to add value?

International audienc

XPS for nanostructured materials analysis

International audienc

Catalyseurs de nickel Supportés Préparés par la Méthode de l'Hydrazine Aqueuse. Propriétés Hydrogénantes et Stockage d'Hydrogène : Effet du Support. Effet de l'Ajout d'Argent

We have studied Ni or NiAg nanoparticles obtained by the reduction of nickel salts (acetate or nitrate) by hydrazine and deposited by simple or EDTA-double impregnation on various supports (g-Al2O3, amorphous or crystallized SiO2, Nb2O5, CeO2 and carbon). Prepared catalysts were characterized by different methods (XRD, XPS, low temperature adsorption and desorption of N2, FTIR and FTIR-Pyridine, TEM, STEM, EDS, H2-TPR, H2-adsorption, H2-TPD, isopropanol decomposition) and tested in the gas phase hydrogenation of benzene or as carbon materials in the hydrogen storage at room temperature and high pressure. The catalysts prepared exhibited better dispersion and activity than classical catalysts. TOF's of NiAg/SiO2 or Ni/carbon catalysts were similar to Pt catalysts in benzene hydrogenation. Differences in support acidity or preparation method and presence of Ag as metal additive play a crucial role in the chemical reduction of Ni by hydrazine and in the final properties of the materials. Ni/carbon catalysts could store significant amounts of hydrogen at room temperature and high pressure (0.53%/30 bars), probably through the hydrogen spillover effect.Nous avons étudié des nanoparticles de Ni ou de NiAg obtenus par la réduction de sels de nickel (acétate ou nitrate) par l'hydrazine et déposés par imprégnation simple ou EDTA-double sur de divers supports (g-Al2O3, SiO2 amorphe ou cristallisé, Nb2O5, CeO2 et carbone). Des catalyseurs préparés ont été caractérisés par différentes méthodes (DRX, XPS, adsorption et désorption de N2 à basse température, FTIR, TEM, STEM, EDS, H2-TPR, H2-adsorption, H2-TPD, décomposition de isopropanol) et examinés dans l'hydrogénation du benzène en phase gazeuse ou comme matériaux de carbone dans le stockage d'hydrogène à la température ambiante/haute pression. Les catalyseurs préparés ont montrés une meilleure dispersion et activité que les catalyseurs classiques. Les TOF des catalyseurs de NiAg/SiO2 ou de Ni/carbon étaient semblables aux catalyseurs de platine dans l'hydrogénation de benzène. Différences dans l'acidité de support ou la méthode de préparation et présence d'Ag comme métal additif jeu un rôle crucial dans la réduction chimique de Ni par l'hydrazine et dans les propriétés finales des matériaux. Les catalyseurs de Ni/carbon pourraient stocker des quantités significatives d'hydrogène à la température ambiante et à haute pression (0.53%/30 barre), probablement par l'effet de spillover d'hydrogène