1,199 research outputs found
Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
Direct collapse within dark matter (DM) halos is a promising path to form
supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds at high redshifts. The outer part of this
collapse remains optically thin, and has been studied intensively using
numerical simulations. However, the innermost region of the collapse is
expected to become optically thick and requires us to follow the radiation
field in order to understand its subsequent evolution. So far, the adiabatic
approximation has been used exclusively for this purpose. We apply radiative
transfer in the flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation to solve the
evolution of coupled gas and radiation, for isolated halos. For direct collapse
within isolated DM halos, we find that (1) the photosphere forms at ~10^{-6} pc
and rapidly expands outward. (2) A central core forms, with a mass of ~1 Mo,
supported by thermal gas pressure gradients and rotation. (3) Growing thermal
gas and radiation pressure gradients dissolve it. (4) This process is
associated with a strong anisotropic outflow, and another core forms nearby and
grows rapidly. (5) Typical radiation luminosity emerging from the photosphere
encompassing these cores is ~5 x 10^{37}-5 x 10^{38} erg/s, of order the
Eddington luminosity. (6) Two variability timescales are associated with this
process: a long one, which is related to the accretion flow within the central
~10^{-4}-10^{-3} pc, and ~0.1 yr, which is related to radiation diffusion. (7)
Adiabatic models have been run for comparison and their evolution differs
profoundly from that of the FLD models, by forming a central
geometrically-thick disk. Overall, an adiabatic equation of state is not a good
approximation to the advanced stage of direct collapse, mainly because the
radiation in the FLD is capable of escaping due to anisotropy in the optical
depth and associated gradients.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures, MNRAS, in press; correcting typo
Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiation Transfer: Cosmological Halos
We have modeled direct collapse of a primordial gas within dark matter halos
in the presence of radiative transfer, in high-resolution zoom-in simulations
in a cosmological framework, down to the formation of the photosphere and the
central object. Radiative transfer has been implemented in the flux-limited
diffusion (FLD) approximation. Adiabatic models were run for comparison. We
find that (a) the FLD flow forms an irregular central structure and does not
exhibit fragmentation, contrary to adiabatic flow which forms a thick disk,
driving a pair of spiral shocks, subject to Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instability
forming fragments; (b) the growing central core in the FLD flow quickly reaches
~10 Mo and a highly variable luminosity of 10^{38}-10^{39} erg/s, comparable to
the Eddington luminosity. It experiences massive recurrent outflows driven by
radiation force and thermal pressure gradients, which mix with the accretion
flow and transfer the angular momentum outwards; and (c) the interplay between
these processes and a massive accretion, results in photosphere at ~10 AU. We
conclude that in the FLD model (1) the central object exhibits dynamically
insignificant rotation and slower than adiabatic temperature rise with density;
(2) does not experience fragmentation leading to star formation, thus promoting
the fast track formation of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) seed; (3)
inclusion of radiation force leads to outflows, resulting in the mass
accumulation within the central 10^{-3} pc, which is ~100 times larger than
characteristic scale of star formation. The inclusion of radiative transfer
reveals complex early stages of formation and growth of the central structure
in the direct collapse scenario of SMBH seed formation.Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures, MNRAS, accepted for publicatio
Angular Momentum Transfer and Lack of Fragmentation in Self-Gravitating Accretion Flows
Rapid inflows associated with early galaxy formation lead to the accumulation
of self-gravitating gas in the centers of proto-galaxies. Such gas
accumulations are prone to non-axisymmetric instabilities, as in the well-known
Maclaurin sequence of rotating ellipsoids, which are accompanied by a
catastrophic loss of angular momentum (J). Self-gravitating gas is also
intuitively associated with star formation. However, recent simulations of the
infall process display highly turbulent continuous flows. We propose that
J-transfer, which enables the inflow, also suppresses fragmentation.
Inefficient J loss by the gas leads to decay of turbulence, triggering global
instabilities and renewed turbulence driving. Flow regulated in this way is
stable against fragmentation, whilst staying close to the instability threshold
for bar formation -- thick self-gravitating disks are prone to global
instabilities before they become unstable locally. On smaller scales, the
fraction of gravitationally unstable matter swept up by shocks in such a flow
is a small and decreasing function of the Mach number. We conclude
counterintuitively that gas able to cool down to a small fraction of its virial
temperature will not fragment as it collapses. This provides a venue for
supermassive black holes to form via direct infall, without the intermediary
stage of forming a star cluster. Some black holes could have formed or grown in
massive halos at low redshifts. Thus the fragmentation is intimately related to
J redistribution within the system: it is less dependent on the molecular and
metal cooling but is conditioned by the ability of the flow to develop virial,
supersonic turbulence.Comment: 5 pp., 1 figures, to be published by the Astrophysical Journal
Letters. Minor corrections following the referee repor
Type II phosphoinositide 5-phosphatases have unique sensitivities towards fatty acid composition and head group phosphorylation
AbstractThe catalytic properties of the type II phosphoinositide 5-phosphatases of Lowe's oculocerebrorenal syndrome, INPP5B, Synaptojanin1, Synaptojanin2 and SKIP were analysed with respect to their substrate specificity and enzymological properties. Our data reveal that all phosphatases have unique substrate specificities as judged by their corresponding KM and VMax values. They also possessed an exclusive sensitivity towards fatty acid composition, head group phosphorylation and micellar presentation. Thus, the biological function of these enzymes will not just be determined by their corresponding regulatory domains, but will be distinctly influenced by their catalytic properties as well. This suggests that the phosphatase domains fulfil a unique catalytic function that cannot be fully compensated by other phosphatases
Formation of Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe: High-Resolution Numerical Simulations of Radiation Transfer Inside Collapsing Gas
Observations of high-redshift quasars reveal that super massive black holes (SMBHs) with masses exceeding 109 M⊙ formed as early as redshift z ~ 7 [1,3,6]. This means that SMBHs have already formed ~700 million years after the Big Bang. How did such SMBHs could grow so quickly?
In this work, we use a modified and improved version of the blockstructured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) code ENZO [2] to provide high spatial and temporal resolution for modeling the formation of SMBHs via direct collapse within dark matter (DM) halos at high redshifts. The radiation hydrodynamics equations are solved in the flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation in the full cosmological background [5]. The chemical species are assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). We follow the evolution of the collapsing gas from a kilo-parsec scale down to 0.001 AU --- 11 decades in radius
Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
Direct collapse within dark matter haloes is a promising path to form supermassive black hole seeds at high redshifts. The outer part of this collapse remains optically thin. However, the innermost region of the collapse is expected to become optically thick and requires to follow the radiation field in order to understand its evolution. So far, the adiabatic approximation has been used exclusively for this purpose. We apply radiative transfer in the flux-limited diffusion (FLD) approximation to solve the evolution of coupled gas and radiation for isolated haloes. We find that (1) the photosphere forms at 10−6 pc and rapidly expands outwards. (2) A central core forms, with a mass of 1 M⊙, supported by gas pressure gradients and rotation. (3) Growing gas and radiation pressure gradients dissolve it. (4) This process is associated with a strong anisotropic outflow; another core forms nearby and grows rapidly. (5) Typical radiation luminosity emerging from the photosphere is 5 × 1037–5 × 1038 erg s−1, of the order the Eddington luminosity. (6) Two variability time-scales are associated with this process: a long one, which is related to the accretion flow within the central 10−4–10−3 pc, and 0.1 yr, related to radiation diffusion. (7) Adiabatic models evolution differs profoundly from that of the FLD models, by forming a geometrically thick disc. Overall, an adiabatic equation of state is not a good approximation to the advanced stage of direct collapse, because the radiation is capable of escaping due to anisotropy in the optical depth and associated gradients
Fluoride Adsorption Utilizing Magnetite Impregnated Bone Char
Reduce fluoride concentrations in contaminated mine water from 10 mg/L to below 2 mg/L. Design an energy efficient and sustainable system with a minimal carbon footprint. Recover Fluoride as a saleable produc
Evolution of supermassive stars as a pathway to black hole formation
Supermassive stars, with masses greater than a million solar masses, are
possible progenitors of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. Because of
their short nuclear burning timescales, such objects can be formed only when
matter is able to accumulate at a rate exceeding ~ 1 solar mass/yr. Here we
revisit the structure and evolution of rotationally-stabilized supermassive
stars, taking into account their continuous accumulation of mass and their
thermal relaxation. We show that the outer layers of supermassive stars are not
thermally relaxed during much of the star's main sequence lifetime. As a
result, they do not resemble n=3 polytropes, as assumed in previous literature,
but rather consist of convective (polytropic) cores surrounded by convectively
stable envelopes that contain most of the mass. We compute the structures of
these envelopes, in which the specific entropy is proportional to the enclosed
mass M(R) to the 2/3-power. By matching the envelope solutions to convective
cores, we calculate the core mass as a function of time. We estimate the
initial black hole masses formed as a result of core-collapse, and their
subsequent growth via accretion from the bloated envelopes ("quasistars") that
result. The seed black holes formed in this way could have typical masses in
the range ~ 10^4-10^5 solar masses, considerably larger than the remnants
thought to be left by the demise of Population III stars. Supermassive black
holes therefore could have been seeded during an epoch of rapid infall
considerably later than the era of Pop III star formation.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Societ
Are depression and poor sexual health neglected comorbidities? Evidence from a population sample
Abstract
Objective To examine associations between sexual behaviour, sexual function and sexual health service use of individuals with depression in the British general population, to inform primary care and specialist services.
Setting British general population.
Participants 15 162 men and women aged 16–74 years were interviewed for the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), undertaken in 2010–2012. Using age-adjusted ORs (aAOR), relative to a comparator group reporting no treatment or symptoms, we compared the sexual health of those reporting treatment for depression in the past year.
Outcome measures Sexual risk behaviour, sexual function, sexual satisfaction and sexual health service use.
Results 1331 participants reported treatment for depression (5.2% men; 11.8% women). Relative to the comparator group, treatment for depression was associated with reporting 2 or more sexual partners without condoms (men aAOR 2.07 (95% CI 1.38 to 3.10); women 2.22 (1.68 to 2.92)), and concurrent partnerships (men 1.80 (1.18 to 2.76); women 2.06 (1.48 to 2.88)), in the past year. Those reporting depression treatment were more likely to be dissatisfied with their sex lives (men 2.32 (1.74 to 3.11); women 2.30 (1.89 to 2.79)), and to score in the lowest quintile on the Natsal-sexual function measure. They were also more likely to report a recent chlamydia test (men 1.92 (1.15 to 3.20)); women (1.27 (1.01 to 1.60)), and to have sought help regarding their sex life from a healthcare professional (men 2.92 (1.98 to 4.30); women (2.36 (1.83 to 3.04)), most commonly from a family doctor. Women only were more likely to report attending a sexual health clinic (1.91 (1.42 to 2.58)) and use of emergency contraception (1.98 (1.23 to 3.19)). Associations were broadly similar for individuals with depressive symptoms but not reporting treatment.
Conclusions Depression, measured by reported treatment, was strongly associated with sexual risk behaviours, reduced sexual function and increased use of sexual health services, with many people reporting help doing so from a family doctor. The sexual health of depressed people needs consideration in primary care, and mental health assessment might benefit people attending sexual health services
Impact of growth matrix on pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial drugs for pig pneumonia pathogens
Abstract Background The most widely used measure of potency of antimicrobial drugs is Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). MIC is usually determined under standardised conditions in broths formulated to optimise bacterial growth on a species-by-species basis. This ensures comparability of data between laboratories. However, differences in values of MIC may arise between broths of differing chemical composition and for some drug classes major differences occur between broths and biological fluids such as serum and inflammatory exudate. Such differences must be taken into account, when breakpoint PK/PD indices are derived and used to predict dosages for clinical use. There is therefore interest in comparing MIC values in several broths and, in particular, in comparing broth values with those generated in serum. For the pig pneumonia pathogens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida, MICs were determined for three drugs, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and marbofloxacin, in five broths [Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB), cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton Broth (CAMHB), Columbia Broth supplemented with NAD (CB), Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) and Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB)] and in pig serum. Results For each drug, similar MIC values were obtained in all broths, with one exception, marbofloxacin having similar MICs for three broths and 4–5-fold higher MICs for two broths. In contrast, for both organisms, quantitative differences between broth and pig serum MICs were obtained after correction of MICs for drug binding to serum protein (fu serum MIC). Potency was greater (fu serum MIC lower) in serum than in broths for marbofloxacin and florfenicol for both organisms. For oxytetracycline fu serum:broth MIC ratios were 6.30:1 (P. multocida) and 0.35:1 (A. pleuropneumoniae), so that potency of this drug was reduced for the former species and increased for the latter species. The chemical composition of pig serum and broths was compared; major matrix differences in 14 constituents did not account for MIC differences. Bacterial growth rates were compared in broths and pig serum in the absence of drugs; it was concluded that broth/serum MIC differences might be due to differing growth rates in some but not all instances. Conclusions For all organisms and all drugs investigated in this study, it is suggested that broth MICs should be adjusted by an appropriate scaling factor when used to determine pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic breakpoints for dosage prediction
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