Supplementation of Lysine Essential Amino Acids in Commercial Feed to Increase Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Catfish (Pangasius sp.) Fillet

The purpose of this study is to see how adding the amino acid lysine to commercial feed affects the amount of EPA and DHA in catfish (Pangasius sp.) flesh. This study is an experimental study with a totally randomized design that includes four treatments and five replications. P0 (100% commercial feed + 1.2 percent amino acid lysine), P2 (100% commercial feed + 2.2 percent amino acid lysine), and P3 (100% commercial feed + 3.2 percent amino acid lysine) were the treatments. The parameters observed were EPA and DHA in catfish meat. Data analysis used ANOVA and continued with the DUNCAN test (p 0.05). The results showed that the addition of the amino acid lysine to commercial feed for 30 days of maintenance was able to increase the EPA and DHA content in catfish meat. The highest EPA content was obtained by treatment P1 (1.2% amino acid lysine), which was 0.597%, while the highest DHA content was obtained by treatment P2 (2.2% amino acid lysine), which was 0.747%. Our findings demonstrate that adding the amino acid lysine to the diet can result in nutrient-rich catfish flesh. However, studies on the influence of lysine amino acid on the growth rate, survival rate, and cholesterol ratio in catfish flesh are predicted to enhance the productivity of this very nutritious fish

Status, Trends, and Potentials of Turtle Conservation in Bali: A Mini Review

Sea turtles in Bali has been exploited excessively, which caused decrease in population, and this issue has placed sea turtles threatened to extinction. This review article aimed to provide information regarding the status, trends, and potential of sea turtles in Bali. Information given in this article is vital to ensure reliable knowledge not to only understand our current situation, but also to increase efficiency in reliant to the problem sea turtles face. The literature study method is used to write this review paper, namely by accessing a number of research paper published nationally and internationally. It was explained that the status of sea turtles is known to be endangered and law enforcement is not sufficient overcoming the problem. Conservation trends such as nurturing hatchlings have shown to not only help restore the population of sea turtles, but also to bring economic benefits to the conservation sites and the people. Potentials of ecotourism and DNA Barcoding has shown to be effective to benefit the people economically and increase the efficiency of law enforcement and conservation. Solutions and methods of improvement such as ecotourism and DNA Barcoding explained in this article is practical for Bali to adapt, so that sea turtle conservation is capable to overcome its status and incline to its potential

Occurrence and Consumer Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Frozen Demersal Fish and Cephalopod Products from Benoa Port, Bali Province

Introduction: Heavy metal pollution has become an important environmental issue today. This study was aimed to identify the heavy metals of the two fishing products namely demersal fish and cephalopods landed at Benoa Port, Bali Province and their health risk effects on consumers. Methods: Demersal fish and cephalopod products were obtained from local fishermen at Benoa port. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to specify the (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in 34 fish fillet products weighing an average of 500 grams each. Statistical software was used to conduct an analysis of the collected data, while THQ, TTHQ, and TCR were calculated and compared with USEPA regulations. Results and Discussion: The results of this research showed that the content of heavy metals in demersal fish and cephalopod products was lower than the levels suggested by official agencies in a number of countries. In populations of various ages, the target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for the heavy metal was less than 1. At this point, the Total THQ result did not imply any risk to human health from ingestion of these two fishery products. When these two products were ingested, the target cancer risk (TCR) did not represent a cancer risk. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study showed that the bioaccumulation levels of both fishery products with low levels of heavy metals are safe for human consumption

Evaluation of the Community Structure Leafminer Fly, Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Their Parasitoids on Various Host Plant Families in Bali Province

Leaf miners, Liriomyza spp., have developed as a severe pest in recent years, reducing the production of several ornamental and crops in Indonesia. As a result, monitoring and control mechanisms have been proposed. This research aimed to investigate community structure and identify Liriomyza spp., which impacts crops and natural parasitoids in Bali Province. Leaf samples of vegetables, ornamental plants, and related species were collected in all regencies/cities of Bali Province in 2019 and 2020 and preserved in the laboratory for observation and counting of leaf miners and related parasitoids. The findings revealed that four Liriomyza spp. were detected in host plants, namely Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Liriomyza chinensis Kato (Diptera: Agromyzidae), and Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Asteraceae species were the most common host plants attacked by leaf miners in the field. The same occurrence was discovered at both heights (high and lowlands). The dry season is the most crucial component in the abundance of Liriomyza spp. In addition, parasitoids of the type Opius cromatomiyae Belokobylskij and Wharton (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Hemiptarsenun varicornis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were identified in abundance in Asteraceae plants. Similarly, the parasitization rate of the two parasitoids was found to be high in plants of the Asteraceae and Brassicae families. This approach highlights the decision-making process for controlling Liriomyza spp. on diverse host plant families by developing ecologically beneficial and sustainable parasitoids

Analisis Efektivitas Crude Protein Zoothamnium Penaei Sebagai Bahan Pengembangan Imunostimulan Terhadap Respon Imun Dan Kelulushidupan Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Yang Diinfeksi White Spot Syndrome Virus

WSSV merupakan salah satu patogen yang mampu menyebabkan kematian massal pada sistem budidaya udang vaname yaitu hingga 70-90%. Crude protein Zoothamnium penaei yang bersifat imunogenik memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan imunostimulan pencegahan infeksi WSSV. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi respon imun dan kelulushidupan udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) akibat pemberian crude protein Zoothamnium penaei yang dan diinfeksi dengan WSSV sehingga potensial dikembangkan sebagai imunostimulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial dengan dosis terbaik yaitu 3 ppm yang diberikan pada udang vaname secara perendaman serta booster di hari ke-4. Penelitian dilakukan selama 7 hari dan parameter yang diamati adalah Total Haemocyte Counts (THC), Differential Haemocyte Counts (DHC), Enzim Phenoloksidase, Kelulushidupan dan jumlah copy virus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian crude protein Zoothamnium penaei mampu meningkatkan THC udang vaname yang diinfeksi WSSV selama 7 hari waktu pemeliharaan dengan THC tertinggi pada hari ke-7 yaitu sebesar 2,25b±0,3786 x 106 sel/mL berbeda secara nyata dengan P2 yaitu sebesar 0,44a±0,0464x106 sel/mL. Nilai DHC granular haemocyte tertinggi pada hari ke-7 yaitu sebesar 71,00b ± 5,228% (P1) berbeda secara nyata dengan P2 yaitu sebesar 32,75a ± 9,845%.Begitu pula pada hyaline haemocyte terjadi peningkatan tertinggi pada perlakuan dengan crude protein Zoothamnium penaei (P1) yaitu pada hari ke-7 sebesar 61,75c±3,775% berbeda secara nyata dengan P2 yaitu sebesar 35,75a±4,193%. Sedangkan nilai aktivitas phenoloksidase pada perlakuan P1 lebih tinggi dari P2 namun tidak signifikan selama 7 hari masa pemeliharaan yaitu masing-masing sebesar 0,2772ab± 0,04491 U/min/mg dan 0,2527a± 0,01472 U/menit/mg. Tingkat kelulushidupan pada perlakuan P1 yaitu mencapai 90% lebih tinggi dibandingkan P2 yaitu 10%. Begitu pula konfirmasi jumlah copy virus dengan real-time PCR menunjukkan resistensi perlakuan imunostimulan crude protein Zoothamnium penaei (P1) terhadap infeksi WSSV yang ditunjukkan dengan tidak terdeteksinya virus dalam tubuh udang jika diabandingkan dengan P2 yaitu sekitar 100.000 copy. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa crude protein Zoothamnium penaei berpotensi dalam mencegah infeksi WSSV pada udang vaname

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of red Kamboja (Plumeria rubra L.) extracts

Natural antimicrobial sources such as red Kamboja (Plumeria rubra L.) flower extract can be utilized to treat infectious disorders caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. This study aims to determine evaluate the effectiveness of methanol and ethanol extracts of P. rubra floral against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans growth, as well as the amount of secondary metabolites in P. rubra extract. The study's findings indicate that the highest DIZ value of P. rubra methanol extract was 7.40 mm, 7.36 mm, and 7.30 mm for S. aureus ATCC25923 at 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively, while the highest DIZ value for C. albicans ATCC10231 at 10%, 10%, and 20% was 25.08 mm, and 25.04 mm, respectively. The DIZ value of the P. rubra flower ethanol extract against E. coli strain was 5.26 mm at 5%, and 7.30 mm at 20%. Secondary metabolites of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and phenols were present in the methanol and ethanol extracts of P. rubra flowers. In summary, our findings highlight the use of P. rubra flower extract as a biological source with antibacterial properties for the control of human infectious illnesses

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in Sediments, Water and Aquatic Biota in Lake Beratan, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province – Indonesia

Microplastics (MPs) has become a very serious global threat, especially to the health of animals, humans and the environment. In this study we aim to investigate the contamination of MPs in sediment, air, and aquatic biota collected from the waters of Lake Beratan in Bali Province, Indonesia. Lake Beratan is one of the strategic areas that continues to develop as a tourist destination, agriculture and fisheries, as well as a source of water for daily needs.Sediment, water, and aquatic biota samples were collected from 4 stations that represent the Beratan Lake area. Each sample obtained was then followed by the pre-treatment stage using 5 M NaCl solution. Furthermore, the extraction process for each sample used wet oxidation peroxidation (WPO) with the addition of Fe (II) catalyst. The highest average weight of MPs in the sediment samples was obtained at the 1st sampling point of 2.53% which was dominated by soft fragments. The percentage of MPs weight in the water samples was varied at each sampling point with the highest obtained at the 4th point of 99.2% and was dominated by hard-shaped fragments at all sampling points. The collected aquatic biota (fish and shrimp) was also contaminated by MPs of 68% in fish and 36.40% in shrimp. The types of MPs found in the digestive tract of aquatic biota are in the form of fragments, filaments, films and foam. These results indicate that the aquatic environment of Lake Beratan, Bali has MPs content that varies in sediment, water and aquatic biota which are often consumed by the local community. This must be of particular concern and further investigation, especially regarding the environmental management of the lake area and the relevant authorities in formulating regulations to reduce the harmful effects of MPs contamination

Investigation of Microplastic Contamination in Sediments, Water and Aquatic Biota in Lake Beratan, Tabanan Regency, Bali Province – Indonesia

Microplastics (MPs) has become a very serious global threat, especially to the health of animals, humans and the environment. In this study we aim to investigate the contamination of MPs in sediment, air, and aquatic biota collected from the waters of Lake Beratan in Bali Province, Indonesia. Lake Beratan is one of the strategic areas that continues to develop as a tourist destination, agriculture and fisheries, as well as a source of water for daily needs. Sediment, water, and aquatic biota samples were collected from 4 stations that represent the Beratan Lake area. Each sample obtained was then followed by the pre-treatment stage using 5 M NaCl solution. Furthermore, the extraction process for each sample used wet oxidation peroxidation (WPO) with the addition of Fe (II) catalyst. The highest average weight of MPs in the sediment samples was obtained at the 1st sampling point of 2.53% which was dominated by soft fragments. The percentage of MPs weight in the water samples was varied at each sampling point with the highest obtained at the 4th point of 99.2% and was dominated by hard-shaped fragments at all sampling points. The collected aquatic biota was also contaminated by MPs of 68% in fish and 36.40% in shrimp. The types of MPs found in the digestive tract of aquatic biota are in the form of fragments, filaments, films and foam. These results indicate that the aquatic environment of Lake Beratan, Bali has MPs content that varies in sediment, water and aquatic biota which are often consumed by the local community. This must be of particular concern and further investigation, especially regarding the environmental management of the lake area and the relevant authorities in formulating regulations to reduce the harmful effects of MPs contamination

Antihypercholesterolemic and Antioxidant Effects of Blumea balsamifera L. Leaf Extracts to Maintain Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Rats Induced by High-Cholesterol Diets

BACKGROUND: The discovery of herbal ingredients for antihypercholesterolemic and to improve male reproductive function is very necessary due to high-cholesterol diet factors. Blumea balsamifera leaf extract (BBLE) is known to be able to increase the number and diameter of Leydig cells in rats given high-fat feed. This study was to conducted to determine the levels of total cholesterol, body weight, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in high-cholesterol-fed male rats provided with BBLE.METHODS: This research utilized a randomized post-test only control group. Ethanol was used to extract the BBLE, which was then evaporated. For 21 days, 16 Wistar rats were given a high-cholesterol diet. To determine the effect of BBLE on the high-cholesterol diet, the samples were divided into two groups (control and BBLE group) on day 22. The treatments lasted 30 days. SOD, plasma MDA, LH, and total cholesterol were measured.RESULTS: The results showed that the SOD and LH parameters were significantly higher in the treatment of BBLE compared to the control group (p<0.05). The parameters of total cholesterol levels, bodyweight, and MDA of rats given BBLE were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight that BBLE has antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant effects. The BBLE also has potential to be used as a therapy to maintain male reproductive function because it has a positive effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis through increasing LH secretion.KEYWORDS: Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Luteinizing hormone, Blumea balsamifera extract, High-cholesterol die