PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KONSUMEN ATAS PEREDARAN OBAT-OBATAN ILEGAL MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen atas peredaran obat-obatan illegal dan bagaimana pertanggung jawaban pelaku usaha atas peredaran obat-obatan illegal. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif disimpulkan: 1. Perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen atas peredaran obat-obat ilegal yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah yakni melalui Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM). Dengan adanya BPOM ini menunjukan perhatian bahwa pemerintah sudah menjalankan pengawasannya. Selain ituPerlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen yang timbul dari adanya hak dan kewajiban yang diatur dalam pasal 4 huruf a dan c, pasal 7 huruf a dan d, pasal 8 ayat 1 huruf a, d, dan e Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Pemenuhan hak-hak konsumen atas keamanan, hak untuk didengar, informasi yang benar, jelas dan jujur yang diatur dalam UUPK masih belum terpenuhi. Pasal 98 ayat 2, pasal 106 ayat 1 dan 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan. 2. Pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab selayaknya pembuat barang tersebut karena yang melakukan impor barang tersebut bukanlah agen atau importir resmi. Maka pelaku usaha yang merupakan orang perseorangan harus bertanggung jawab atas kerugian yang ditimbulkan walaupun hanya sebagai importir bukan sebagai produsen barang tersebut.Terkait dengan pelanggaran pasal 8 ayat 1 huruf a, d dan e maka berdasarkan dalam pasal 62 ayat 1 UUPKbahwa sanksi dapat dikenakan pidana penjara paling lama lima tahun atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp. 2.000.000.000 (dua milyar rupiah). Maka dengan demikian dasar hukum yang dapat dikenakan oleh konsumen sebagai bentuk pertanggung jawaban yang ditujukan kepada pelaku usaha obat-obat ilegal tersebut merupakan sanksi pidana sebagimana diatur berdasarkan pasal 62 ayat 1 UUPK. Kata kunci: Perlindungan hukum, konsumen, obat-obatan ilega

A comprehensive assessment of MPPT algorithms to optimal power extraction of a PV panel

The electrical energy produced by photovoltaic (PV) process is inexhaustible, developable everywhere and clean. Whatever the conditions, it is desirable to extract the biggest amount of power from the solar panel. This is achieved with the use of a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Fluctuations in weather conditions (irradiation and temperature) strongly degrade the performance of the photovoltaic module's energy conversion and therefore all the power cannot be transferred to the load. The objective is to study and compare different approaches of MPPT algorithms to evaluate the power extracted under the standard test conditions and varying weather conditions. Results of the performance with all these algorithms are compared under different operating conditions. The results show that the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is the fastest in terms of stabilization and is followed respectively by Fractional Short-Circuit Current (FSCC), Fractional Open-Circuit Voltage (FOCV), Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (INC) and Hill Climbing (HC) algorithms. The FLC also gives the best results in extracting, followed by P&O INC, HC, FSCC and FOCV algorithms

Perencanaan Plta Undip II, Semarang

Diponegoro University as an educational institution has an important role as a contribution and dedication to the community in the conservation and development of water resources. With the location of the campus UNDIP Tembalang located in high elevation areas, plus there is a river flowing in front of the campus UNDIP, supported by intellectual property owned civitas academy UNDIP then the potential is more than enough to mengembangangkan and utilize all its potential for the benefit of conservation of water resources and hydropower plant. Hydroelectric power (hydropower) is one of the power plants that use renewable energy in the form of water. One advantage of this generator is a fast response so it is suitable for peak load conditions or when there is interference in the network. In addition to the output power capacity of the greatest among other renewable energy, hydro power has also been there since time immemorial. Debit design of UNDIP II Hidropower Plant Semarang using the mass inflow curve for 11 years (2001 s/d 2011) the results was 0.152 m3/second,, but to get the most power capacity used 0.220 m3/second discharge of hydrologic analysis calculations. Design structures to support the planned hydropower operations in order to function properly is building decision (Intake), rapid pipe, door arrangements, turbine, sewer, and draft tube. The results of the planning details are as follows: (1) using a type intake tower with a diameter of 0.83 m at an elevation of +147.05 (2) Penstock with a diameter of 0.83 m and a total length of 150 m and is connected to the intake hole at an elevation of +139 , 00. (3) High net falls 42.25 m. (4) The power generated by 77,51 kW. (5) door controller using 500x250x10 Canal profiles. (6) used the Turbine Turbine type Francis. (7) The sewer masonry trapezoidal cross section times the size of b = 0.7 m, h = 0.4 m. Review and Planning UNDIP II Hydropower plant cost of Rp 56.857.829.520.98 (fifty-six billion, eight hundred and fifty-seven million eight hundred twenty nine thousand five hundred twenty dollars) with a long time of the 25 weeks

Disease Detection of Solanaceous Crops Using Deep Learning for Robot Vision

Traditionally, the farmers manage the crops from the early growth stage until the mature harvest stage by manually identifying and monitoring plant diseases, nutrient deficiencies, controlled irrigation, and controlled fertilizers and pesticides. Even the farmers have difficulty detecting crop diseases using their naked eyes due to several similar crop diseases. Identifying the correct diseases is crucial since it can improve the quality and quantity of crop production. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, all crop-managing tasks can be automated using a robot that mimics a farmer's ability. However, designing a robot with human capability, especially in detecting the crop's diseases in real-time, is another challenge to consider. Other research works are focusing on improving the mean average precision and the best result reported so far is 93% of mean Average Precision (mAP) by YOLOv5. This paper focuses on object detection of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture-based to detect the disease of solanaceous crops for robot vision. This study's contribution involved reporting the developmental specifics and a suggested solution for issues that appear along with the conducted study. In addition, the output of this study is expected to become the algorithm of the robot's vision. This study uses images of four crops (tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper), including 23 classes of healthy and diseased crops infected on the leaf and fruits. The dataset utilized combines the public dataset (PlantVillage) and self-collected samples. The total dataset of all 23 classes is 16580 images divided into three parts: training set, validation set, and testing set. The dataset used for training is 88% of the total dataset (15000 images), 8% of the dataset performed a validation process (1400 images), and the rest of the 4% dataset is for the test process (699 images). The performances of YOLOv5 were more robust in terms of 94.2% mAP, and the speed was slightly faster than Scaled-YOLOv4. This object detection-based approach has proven to be a promising solution in efficiently detecting crop disease in real-time

Cervico-vaginal immunoglobulin g levels increase post-ovulation independently of neutrophils

The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is often higher in females than in males. Although the reproductive cycle profoundly modulates local immunity in the female reproductive tract (FRT) system, significant gaps in our knowledge of the immunobiology of the FRT still exist. An intriguing and frequently observed characteristic of the FRT is the predominant presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G in cervico-vaginal secretions. We show here that in the mouse, IgG accumulation was enhanced approximately 5-fold post-ovulation, and was accompanied by an influx of neutrophils into the FRT. To determine whether these two events were causally related, we performed short-term neutrophil depletion experiments at individual stages throughout the estrous cycle. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils were not necessary for cycle-dependent tissue remodeling and cycle progression and that cycle-dependent IgG accumulation occurred independent of neutrophils. We thus conclude that neutrophil influx and IgG accumulation are independent events that occur in the FRT during the reproductive cycle

Anti-HIV Activity in Cervical-Vaginal Secretions from HIV-Positive and -Negative Women Correlate with Innate Antimicrobial Levels and IgG Antibodies

We investigated the impact of antimicrobials in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV(+) and HIV(−) women on target cell infection with HIV. Since female reproductive tract (FRT) secretions contain a spectrum of antimicrobials, we hypothesized that CVL from healthy HIV(+) and (−) women inhibit HIV infection. indicated that each was present in CVL from HIV(+) and HIV(−) women. HBD2 and MIP3α correlated with anti-HIV activity as did anti-gp160 HIV IgG antibodies in CVL from HIV(+) women.These findings indicate that CVL from healthy HIV(+) and HIV(−) women contain innate and adaptive defense mechanisms that inhibit HIV infection. Our data suggest that innate endogenous antimicrobials and HIV-specific IgG in the FRT can act in concert to contribute toward the anti-HIV activity of the CVL and may play a role in inhibition of HIV transmission to women

Anti-HIV Activity in Cervical-Vaginal Secretions from HIV-Positive and -Negative Women Correlate with Innate Antimicrobial Levels and IgG Antibodies

Background: We investigated the impact of antimicrobials in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV(+) and HIV(2) women on target cell infection with HIV. Since female reproductive tract (FRT) secretions contain a spectrum of antimicrobials, we hypothesized that CVL from healthy HIV(+) and (2) women inhibit HIV infection. Methodology/Principal Findings: CVL from 32 HIV(+) healthy women with high CD4 counts and 15 healthy HIV(2) women were collected by gently washing the cervicovaginal area with 10 ml of sterile normal saline. Following centrifugation, anti- HIV activity in CVL was determined by incubating CVL with HIV prior to addition to TZM-bl cells. Antimicrobials and anti- gp160 HIV IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA. When CXCR4 and CCR5 tropic HIV-1 were incubated with CVL from HIV(+) women prior to addition to TZM-bl cells, anti-HIV activity in CVL ranged from none to 100% inhibition depending on the viral strains used. CVL from HIV(2) controls showed comparable anti-HIV activity. Analysis of CH077.c (clone of an R5- tropic, mucosally-transmitted founder virus) viral inhibition by CVL was comparable to laboratory strains. Measurement of CVL for antimicrobials HBD2, trappin-2/elafin, SLPI and MIP3a indicated that each was present in CVL from HIV(+) and HIV(2) women. HBD2 and MIP3a correlated with anti-HIV activity as did anti-gp160 HIV IgG antibodies in CVL from HIV(+) women. Conclusions/Significance: These findings indicate that CVL from healthy HIV(+) and HIV(2) women contain innate and adaptive defense mechanisms that inhibit HIV infection. Our data suggest that innate endogenous antimicrobials and HIV- specific IgG in the FRT can act in concert to contribute toward the anti-HIV activity of the CVL and may play a role in inhibition of HIV transmission to women

Selective Impact of HIV Disease Progression on the Innate Immune System in the Human Female Reproductive Tract

We have previously demonstrated intrinsic anti-HIV activity in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV-infected women with high CD4 counts and not on antiretroviral therapy. However, the impact of HIV disease progression on CVL innate immune responses has not been delineated.CVL from 57 HIV-infected women not on antiretroviral therapy were collected by washing the cervicovaginal area with 10 ml of sterile normal saline. We characterized subject HIV disease progression by CD4 count strata: >500 cells/µl, 200–500 cells/µl, or <200 cells/µl of blood. To assess CVL anti-HIV activity, we incubated TZM-bl cells with HIV plus or minus CVL. Antimicrobials, cytokines, chemokines and anti-gp160 HIV IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA and Luminex.CVL exhibited broad anti-HIV activity against multiple laboratory-adapted and transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses, with anti-HIV activity ranging from 0 to 100% showing wide variation between viral strains. Although there was broad CVL inhibition of most both laboratory-adapted and T/F virus strains, there was practically no inhibition of T/F strain RHPA.c, which was isolated from a woman newly infected via heterosexual intercourse. HIV disease progression, measured by declining CD4 T cell counts, resulted in a selective reduction in intrinsic anti-HIV activity in CVL that paralleled CVL decreases in human beta-defensin 2 and increases in Elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. HIV disease progress predicted decreased CVL anti-HIV activity against both laboratory-adapted and T/F strains of HIV. Anti-HIV activity exhibited close associations with CVL levels of fourteen cytokines and chemokines.Amid a multifaceted immune defense against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens, HIV disease progression is associated with selective disturbances in both CVL anti-HIV activity and specific innate immune defenses in the human female reproductive tract (FRT). Overall, these studies indicate that innate immune protection in the FRT is compromised as women progress to AIDS

Performance of swabs, lavage, and diluents to quantify biomarkers of female genital tract soluble mucosal mediators

Background: Measurement of immune mediators and antimicrobial activity in female genital tract secretions may provide biomarkers predictive of risk for HIV-1 acquisition and surrogate markers of microbicide safety. However, optimal methods for sample collection do not exist. This study compared collection methods. Methods: Secretions were collected from 48 women (24 with bacterial vaginosis [BV]) using vaginal and endocervical Dacron and flocked swabs. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) was collected with 10 mL of Normosol-R (n = 20), saline (n = 14), or water (n = 14). The concentration of gluconate in Normosol-R CVL was determined to estimate the dilution factor. Cytokine and antimicrobial mediators were measured by Luminex or ELISA and corrected for protein content. Endogenous anti-HIV-1 and anti-E. coli activity were measured by TZM-bl assay or E. coli growth. Results: Higher concentrations of protein were recovered by CVL, despite a 10-fold dilution of secretions, as compared to swab eluents. After protein correction, endocervical swabs recovered the highest mediator levels regardless of BV status. Endocervical and vaginal flocked swabs recovered significantly higher levels of anti-HIV-1 and anti-E. coli activity than Dacron swabs (P<0.001). BV had a significant effect on CVL mediator recovery. Normosol-R tended to recover higher levels of most mediators among women with BV, whereas saline or water tended to recover higher levels among women without BV. Saline recovered the highest levels of anti-HIV-1 activity regardless of BV status. Conclusions: Endocervical swabs and CVL collected with saline provide the best recovery of most mediators and would be the optimal sampling method(s) for clinical trials. © 2011 Dezzutti et al