11 research outputs found
Toothbrushing Systematics Index (TSI): A new tool for quantifying systematics in toothbrushing behaviour
Systematics is considered important for effective toothbrushing. A theoretical concept of systematics in toothbrushing and a validated index to quantify it using observational data is suggested. The index consists of three components: completeness (all areas of the dentition reached), isochronicity (all areas brushed equally long) and consistency (avoiding frequent alternations between areas). Toothbrushing should take a sufficient length of time; therefore, this parameter is part of the index value calculation. Quantitative data from video observations were used including the number of changes between areas, number of areas reached, absolute brushing time and brushing time per area. These data were fed into two algorithms that converted the behaviour into two index values (each with values between 0 and 1) and were summed as the Toothbrushing Systematics Index (TSI) value; 0 indicates completely unsystematic and 2 indicates perfectly systematic brushing. The index was developed using theoretical data. The data matrices revealed the highest values when all areas are reached and brushed equally long. Few changes occurred between the areas when the brushing duration was 90 s; the lowest values occurred under opposite conditions. Clinical applicability was tested with data from re-analysed videos from an earlier intervention study aiming to establish a pre-defined toothbrushing sequence. Subjects who fully adopted this sequence had a baseline TSI of 1.30±0.26, which increased to 1.74±0.09 after the intervention (p 0.001). When the participants who only partially adopted the sequence were included, the respective values were 1.25±0.27 and 1.69±0.14 (p 0.001). The suggested new TS-index can cover a variety of clinically meaningful variations of systematic brushing, validly quantifies the changes in toothbrushing systematics and has discriminative power
Handbuch Politische Ökologie
Globale Krisen wie der Klimawandel und die Corona-Pandemie machen die Politische Ökologie zu einem unverzichtbaren Forschungsfeld der Zukunft. Die Beiträger*innen des ersten deutschsprachigen Handbuchs zum Thema stellen die hierfür relevanten Theorien vor und zeigen anhand konkreter Konflikte und Kämpfe die Aktualität und den Mehrwert einer politisch-ökologischen Herangehensweise auf. Sie erläutern die zentralen Begriffe, die für Analyse, Kritik und Transformation von gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnissen wichtig sind, und stellen für die Politische Ökologie fruchtbare Methoden und Arbeitsweisen vor. Ein übersichtliches Nachschlagewerk für unübersichtliche Verhältnisse
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Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based evaluation of the membrane protein composition of the organohalide-respiring Sulfurospirillum multivorans
Bacteria often employ different respiratory chains that comprise membrane proteins equipped with various cofactors. Monitoring the protein inventory that is present in the cells under a given cultivation condition is often difficult and time-consuming. One example of a metabolically versatile bacterium is the microaerophilic organohalide-respiring Sulfurospirillum multivorans. Here, we used surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to quickly identify the cofactors involved in the respiration of S. multivorans. We cultured the organism with either tetrachloroethene (perchloroethylene, PCE), fumarate, nitrate, or oxygen as electron acceptors. Because the corresponding terminal reductases of the four different respiratory chains harbor different cofactors, specific fingerprint signals in SERS were expected. Silver nanostructures fabricated by means of electron beam lithography were coated with the membrane fractions extracted from the four S. multivorans cultivations, and SERS spectra were recorded. In the case of S. multivorans cultivated with PCE, the recorded SERS spectra were dominated by Raman peaks specific for Vitamin B12. This is attributed to the high abundance of the PCE reductive dehalogenase (PceA), the key enzyme in PCE respiration. After cultivation with oxygen, fumarate, or nitrate, no Raman spectral features of B12 were found. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons Lt
Toothbrushing Systematics Index (TSI): A new tool for quantifying systematics in toothbrushing behaviour
Systematics is considered important for effective toothbrushing. A theoretical concept of systematics in toothbrushing and a validated index to quantify it using observational data is suggested. The index consists of three components: completeness (all areas of the dentition reached), isochronicity (all areas brushed equally long) and consistency (avoiding frequent alternations between areas). Toothbrushing should take a sufficient length of time; therefore, this parameter is part of the index value calculation. Quantitative data from video observations were used including the number of changes between areas, number of areas reached, absolute brushing time and brushing time per area. These data were fed into two algorithms that converted the behaviour into two index values (each with values between 0 and 1) and were summed as the Toothbrushing Systematics Index (TSI) value; 0 indicates completely unsystematic and 2 indicates perfectly systematic brushing. The index was developed using theoretical data. The data matrices revealed the highest values when all areas are reached and brushed equally long. Few changes occurred between the areas when the brushing duration was 90 s; the lowest values occurred under opposite conditions. Clinical applicability was tested with data from re-analysed videos from an earlier intervention study aiming to establish a pre-defined toothbrushing sequence. Subjects who fully adopted this sequence had a baseline TSI of 1.30±0.26, which increased to 1.74±0.09 after the intervention (p 0.001). When the participants who only partially adopted the sequence were included, the respective values were 1.25±0.27 and 1.69±0.14 (p 0.001). The suggested new TS-index can cover a variety of clinically meaningful variations of systematic brushing, validly quantifies the changes in toothbrushing systematics and has discriminative power
Matrix of non-isochronal theoretical data.
<p>Same matrix as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196497#pone.0196497.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a> except the brushing was non-isochronal; the areas were reached for different durations. Negative I-values were replaced by zero. There was no change in C-value; however, the maximum I-value decreased to 0.8, thus reflecting the necessity of isochronicity for a very high I-value.</p
Handbuch Politische Ökologie : Theorien, Konflikte, Begriffe, Methoden
Globale Krisen wie der Klimawandel und die Corona-Pandemie machen die Politische Ökologie zu einem unverzichtbaren Forschungsfeld der Zukunft. Die Beiträger*innen des ersten deutschsprachigen Handbuchs zum Thema stellen die hierfür relevanten Theorien vor und zeigen anhand konkreter Konflikte und Kämpfe die Aktualität und den Mehrwert einer politisch-ökologischen Herangehensweise auf. Sie erläutern die zentralen Begriffe, die für Analyse, Kritik und Transformation von gesellschaftlichen Naturverhältnissen wichtig sind, und stellen für die Politische Ökologie fruchtbare Methoden und Arbeitsweisen vor. Ein übersichtliches Nachschlagewerk für unübersichtliche Verhältnisse
Theoretical data set representing complete, isochronal and consistent brushing.
<p>It shows 15 alternations between the areas, with a total brushing duration of 210 seconds; all reachable areas were brushed with an equal brushing duration. Therefore, both I and C values reached their maximum (I = 1 and C = 0.93). The sum is a TSI-value of 1.93, indicating highly systematic brushing. Note that the order in which the areas are reached has no impact. The graph was made with the analysing software INTERACT® (Professional Software for Observational Research, Mangold International GmbH, Arnstorf, Germany).</p
Brushing systematics according to Rateitschak [3].
<p>The sextants (S I—S VI) and the surfaces (oral vestibular, occlusal) should be reached in a defined order, as indicated by the numbers and arrows. The starting point in this systematics is the oral surface in S IV and it ends on the occlusal surface in S III.</p
Clinical validation of TSI.
<p>Results of the C-value and I-value calculation of the clinical validation of the TSI. Dashed lines show the results if all areas are considered and solid lines show the results of the analysis of vestibular and oral areas. The graphs clearly show that the index has a higher discrimination power if only the vestibular and oral surfaces are analysed, and that the I-value shows no change due to instruction if all areas are analysed. The instruction in the last appointment of the control group led to the same increase in index values as the instructions in the other group. Except for the I-values, which were calculated to analyse ‘all’ surfaces, the values of the COMP analysis showed a tendency towards higher index values compared with the CLIN analysis. Note that the x-axis does not intersect the y-axis at the zero position. For clarity, no standard deviations are given; the mean values and standard deviations are given either in the text or in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196497#pone.0196497.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p