391 research outputs found

    Parenting and Psychosocial Functioning in Youth with Spina Bifida: Making Connections with Other CNS-Related Chronic Health Conditions

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    Parenting practices have been linked to psychosocial outcomes in children who have chronic health conditions that affect the central nervous system (CNS), such as spina bifida (SB). However, there remains a need for (1) more evidence-based assessments that capture parenting in SB, (2) additional research focused on parenting in early childhood in SB, as this is a critical developmental period that has been understudied, and (3) systematic reviews that synthesize parenting research across CNS-related conditions to guide future work. This dissertation includes three papers that aim to address each of these gaps in the current literature. Specifically, the first study developed and validated a novel measure of parental scaffolding for children with SB. The second study examined the parenting experiences and needs of families who have a young child with SB through dissemination of a national survey. The third study synthesized the parenting literature for children with five CNS-related chronic health conditions (i.e., SB, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and brain tumors). Results are discussed within the context of the Bio-Neuropsychosocial Model of Adjustment in Individuals with SB. These findings can guide the development of family-based interventions to improve the wellbeing of children with SB and their families

    Towards a circular economy: insights based on the development of the global ENGAGE-materials model and evidence for the iron and steel industry

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    A number of recent economic modelling studies have attempted to analyse resource efficiency and the circular economy. However, modelling analysis in this area is relatively underdeveloped. In particular, many CGE models are unable to provide significant insight given their aggregated sectoral coverage. Here we describe the development of the Environmental Global Applied General Equilibrium (ENGAGEmaterials) model created to consider the economic and sectoral effects of potential policies on a circular economy and resource efficiency, which affect materials and resources at the stages of extraction, production and recycling. Our policy scope is global with a special emphasis on China and Europe, as both regions have dedicated policies in place and indicate their willingness to take the lead. The case of steel is relevant as it is a key material for all economies across the world and offers a range of interesting features for circularity and sustainability. ENGAGE-materials models iron ore mining, primary production of iron and steel, secondary production of iron and steel, and steel scrap recycling at the global level. We utilise this technology rich framework to provide preliminary results on scenarios comprising economic insights into a saturation effect and straightforward policy such as doubling the availability of secondary steel

    Electric vehicle: infrastructure regulatory requirements

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    In 2009 the European Union (EU) Directive on Renewable Energy placed an obligation on each Member State to ensure that 10% of transport energy (excluding aviation and marine transport) come from renewable sources by 2020. The Irish Government intends to achieve part of this target by making sure that 10% of all vehicles in its transport fleet are powered by electricity by 2020. Stakeholder groups include but are not limited to policy makers, the public, regulatory bodies, participants in the electricity retail market, the transmission and distribution system grid operators, the automotive industry, private enterprise, civil engineers, electrical engineers, electricians, architects, builders, building owners, building developers, building managers, fleet managers and EV owners. Currently it appears both internationally and Nationally the automotive industry is focused on EV manufacture, governments and policy makers have highlighted the potential environmental and job creation opportunities while the electricity sector is preparing for an additional electrical load on the grid system. The focus of this paper is to produce an international EV roadmap. A review of current international best practice and guidelines under consideration or recommended is presented. An update on any EV infrastructure charging equipment standards is also provided. Finally the regulatory modifications to existing National legislation as well as additional infrastructure items which may need control via new regulations are identified

    О ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ радиусах ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Π½-спиртах

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    На основС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ двухслойной ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Абрахама ΠΈ Лиси рассчитаны эффСктивныС радиусы (rα΅’) ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ измСнСния энСргии Гиббса ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ (Ξ”cGᡒ⁰) для Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄-, ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ΄-ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Н⁺ Π² ряду Π½-спиртов ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ 5-55Β°Π‘. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ данная модификация согласуСтся с ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ сводится ΠΊ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ свободной энСргии систСмы Π·Π° счСт Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ заряда ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ пСрСраспрСдСлСния заряда с ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ растворитСля.Modification of double-layer model Abraham-Liszi is offered by authors both effective radii (rα΅’) and values of changes of Gibbs energy solvation (Ξ”cGᡒ⁰) for bromide- and iodide-ions in a series of primary alcohols from methanol to octanol are calculated at 278.15-328.15 K on the basis of this modification. The latter consider the mechanism of ions solvation better. This mechanism takes into account reduction of a free energy of system at the expense of neutralization of an ion charge and redistribution of a charge with environmental solvent molecules

    Projecting irrigation water requirements across multiple socio-economic development futures – A global CGE assessment

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    The article explores the implications of income and population growth over crop output and the consequent changes in freshwater requirements for irrigation. We use three alternative patterns of global socio-economic development (SSP1, SSP2 and SSP5) in conjunction with expected technological change coming from inherent yield improvements. Compared to other projections of blue water uses in crop production, the research provides a new perspective by using a multi-regional macro-economic approach. Freshwater requirements are calculated using a global Computable General Equilibrium framework with the induced pressure over renewable freshwater resources measured through the Irrigation Withdrawals to Availability (IWA) indicator. The RESCU-Water model employed distinguishes between rainfed and irrigated crop production. The model database also introduces an improved accounting method to derive the value of irrigation freshwater as a separate factor of production. The results show a positive relationship between socio-economic development and irrigation water use in most areas. Water-challenged regions continue to increase the pressure they exert over their renewable freshwater resources. Higher growth scenarios (SSP1 and SSP5) exacerbate these trends, leading to a more pronounced expansion of global blue water withdrawals. The obtained growth in freshwater requirements hints at continued unsustainable withdrawals in many regions and provides further evidence to support the SDG target 6.4 referring to the need for improved water-use efficiency

    Global crop output and irrigation water requirements under a changing climate

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    The anthropogenic increases in CO2 atmospheric concentrations are expected to lead to multiple and possibly opposing effects on crop performance with important implications for crop water productivity. The study integrates the global responses to mounting concentrations at three levels – climatic, cropping and economic – to determine the deviations in crop production and irrigation water requirements from a 'no climate change' socioeconomic development storyline. The biophysical effects are considered comprehensively for eight crop classes by taking into account alterations both to rainfed and irrigation yields, and to irrigation water intensities. These changes in crop growing conditions are explored in the 2004–2050 timeframe across two concentrations pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP 8.5) with the inclusion of the CO2 fertilisation effect. The economic responses are determined through a global water CGE model (RESCU-Water) comprising a bottom-up representation of crop systems. Changes in climatic conditions reduce crop output and depress the global water demand for irrigated crops in spite of an increase in irrigation water intensities. Discrepancies in crop production impacts between tropical and temperate regions increase with CO2 concentration levels. Embedding CO2 fertilisation more than offsets these adverse effects by determining a net increase in crop production and a reduction in irrigation water requirements at a regional level. The resulting water savings potential, even in the lower concentrations scenario (RCP2.6), warrant more research with the aim of reducing the different classes of uncertainty regarding the effects of CO2 fertilisation

    Global Economic and Food Security Impacts of Demand-Driven Water Scarcity - Alternative Water Management Options for a Thirsty World

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    Global freshwater demand will likely continue its expansion under current expectations of economic and population growth. Withdrawals in regions which are already water-scarce will impose further pressure on the renewable water resource base threatening the long-term availability of freshwater across the many economic activities dependent on this resource for various functions. This paper assesses the economy-wide implications of demand-driven water scarcity under a β€˜middle-of-the-road’ socio-economic development pathway by considering the trade-offs between the macroeconomic and food security impacts. The study employs a global CGE model comprising an advanced level of detail regarding water uses across economic activities and which allows for a sector-specific endogenous adaptation to water scarcity. A sustainable withdrawal threshold is imposed in regions with extended river-basin overexploitation (India, South Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa) whilst different water management options are considered through four alternative allocation methods across users. The scale of macroeconomic effects is dependent on the relative size of sectors with low-water productivity, the amount of water uses in these sectors, and the flexibility of important water users to substitute away from water inputs in conditions of scarcity. The largest negative GDP deviations are obtained in scenarios with limited mobility to re-allocate water across users. A significant alleviation is obtained when demand patterns are shifted based on differences in water productivity, however, with a significant imposition on food security prospects
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