Shorter juvenile telomere length is associated with higher survival to spawning in migratory Atlantic salmon

The risk of mortality associated with a long-distance migration will depend on an animal's physiological state, as well as the prevailing ecological conditions. Here we assess whether juvenile telomere length, which in endotherms has been shown to be a biomarker of physiological state and expected lifespan, predicts whether wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar successfully complete their marine migration. Over 1800 juvenile fish were trapped, measured, PIT-tagged and a tissue biopsy taken when migrating as juveniles down-river towards the sea. Survivors of the marine phase of the life cycle were then re-trapped and re-sampled when returning to the river to spawn as sexually mature adults, 1.5-2.5 years later. Most individuals experienced a reduction in telomere length during the marine migratory phase of their life cycle. While the relative rate of telomere loss was greater in males than females, telomere loss was unrelated to growth at sea. Contrary to expectations, salmon that had the shortest telomeres at the time of the outward migration had the greatest probability of surviving through to the return migration. This effect, independent of body size, may indicate a trade-off between investment in readiness for marine life (which favours high glucocorticoid levels, known to increase telomere attrition in other vertebrate species) and investment in telomere maintenance. Survival was also significantly influenced by the seasonal timing of outward migration, with the fish migrating downstream earliest in the spring having the highest probability of return. This study reveals that telomere length is associated with survival, although in ways that contrast with patterns seen in endotherms. This illustrates that while telomeres may be universally important for chromosome protection, the potential for telomere dynamics to predict performance may vary across taxa

The Social Construction of Chinese Models of Teaching

Five principal relationships, derived from long-standing Confucian values, are described as the cultural and social foundation for Chinese models of teaching. Three related models of teaching will be described during the presentation: Teacher as master; teacher as virtuoso; and teacher as coach

European Corn Borer Parasitoids; Distribution in Southern Minnesota

During the 1940\u27s and 1950\u27s seven exotic parasitoids of the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were released in Minnesota. This study was done to determine which introduced parasitoids became established and their distribution in Minnesota. The experiment was conducted during the summer of 1977 and fall of 1977, 78, 79- and 80 in conjunction with the annual ECB population surveys in southern Minnesota by the State Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry. Three introduced parasitoids, Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich, Eriborus Terebrans (Gravenhorst), and Sympiesis viridula (Thomson) and two native parasitoids, lshnus inquisitorius artricollaris (Walsh) and Aplomya caesar (Aldrich) were recovered. M. grandii was confined to the eastern portion, while E. terebrans was recovered from throughout southern Minnesota. S. viridula was found in only three counties, perhaps because of its biology it may have eluded recovery, resulting in underestimated distribution. The two native species, I. inquisitorius atricollaris and A. caesar, occur only occasionally in Minnesota

Links between parental life histories of wild salmon and the telomere lengths of their offspring

The importance of parental contributions to offspring development and subsequent performance is self-evident at a genomic level; however, parents can also affect offspring fitness by indirect genetic and environmental routes. The life history strategy that an individual adopts will be influenced by both genes and environment; and this may have important consequences for offspring. Recent research has linked telomere dynamics (i.e. telomere length and loss) in early life to future viability and longevity. Moreover, a number of studies have reported a heritable component to telomere length across a range of vertebrates, though the effects of other parental contribution pathways have been far less studied. By using wild Atlantic salmon with different parental life histories in an experimental split-brood IVF mating design and rearing the resulting families under standardised conditions, we show that there can be significant links between parental life history and offspring telomere length (studied at the embryo and fry stage). Maternal life history traits, in particular egg size, were most strongly related to offspring telomere length at the embryonic stage, but then became weaker through development. In contrast, paternal life history traits, such as the father's growth rate in early life, had a greater association in the later stages of offspring development. However, offspring telomere length was not significantly related to either maternal or paternal age at reproduction, nor to paternal sperm telomere length. This study demonstrates both the complexity and the importance of parental factors that can influence telomere length in early life

Pharmacodynamic analysis of the furosemide-probenecid interaction in man

Pharmacodynamic analysis of the furosemide-probenecid interaction in man. Probenecid pretreatment in man increased the overall response to furosemide in contrast to animal studies in which probenecid decreased response by inhibiting proximal renal tubular secretion of furosemide to its active site. We administered i.v. 40mg of furosemide to eight normal volunteers with and without probenecid pretreatment and measured serum and urinary furosemide concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography to determine the mechanism of probenecid's effect. Probenecid pretreatment significantly increased serum furosemide concentration. Urinary furosemide excretion rate paralleled urinary sodium excretion rate; both were initially decreased but were later increased by probenecid pretreatment. Probenecid pretreatment decreased renal and nonrenal clearance of furosemide (1.04 ± 0.31 vs. 0.29 ± 0.06 ml/kg/min, P < 0.05; and 1.00 ± 0.18 vs. 0.27 ± 0.03 ml/kg/min, P < 0.004, respectively). Although probenecid inhibited renal clearance for the duration of the study, accumulation of furosemide in serum from concomitant effects on nonrenal clearance allowed more furosemide to appear in the urine at later times, increasing response. This analysis demonstrated the importance of probenecid's effects on nonrenal elimination of furosemide in determining the overall response to furosemide. The relationship between furosemide concentrations and response depicted a sigmoid dose-response curve. Probenecid shifted the serum dose-response relationship to the right but did not affect the relationship between urinary furosemide excretion rate and response, demonstrating the importance of the urinary (as opposed to serum) concentration-response relationship of furosemide in normal man. This relationship will provide a valuable tool for assessing response to diuretics in various disease states where resistance to diuretics occurs.Analyse pharmacodynamique de l'interaction furosémide-probénécide chez l'homme. Le pré-traitement par le probénécide chez l'homme augmente la réponse globale au furosémide par opposition aux études chez l'animal où le probénécide diminue cette réponse en inhibant la sécrétion tubulaire proximale de furosémide. Nous avons administré i.v. 40mg de furosémide par voie à huit volontaires normaux, avec ou sans pré-traitement par le probénécide, et mesuré les concentrations de furosémide sériques et urinaires par chromatographie liquide à haute résolution afin d'étudier le mécanisme de l'effet du probénécide. Le pré-traitement par le probénécide augmente significativement la concentration sérique de furosémide. L'excrétion urinaire de furosémide est parallèle à l'excrétion urinaire de sodium. Ces deux dernières sont initialement diminuées mais ultérieurement augmentées par le pré-traitement au moyen de probénécide. Le pré-traitement par le probénécide diminue les clearances rénale et non-rénale du furosémide (1,04 ± 0,31 vs. 0,29 ± 0,06 ml/kg/min, P < 0,05; et 1,00 ± 0,18 vs. 0,27 ± 0,03 ml/kg/min, P < 0,004, respectivement). Bien que le probénécide diminue la clearance rénale pendant la durée de l'étude, l'accumulation sérique de furosémide due aux effets sur la clearance non rénale permet l'apparition dans l'urine de quantités plus importantes à des temps ultérieurs, ce qui augmente la réponse. Cette analyse démontre l'importance des effets du probénécide sur l'élimination non rénale de furosémide dans le déterminisme de la réponse globale au furosémide. La relation entre les concentrations de furosémide et la réponse décrit une courbe dose-réponse sigmoïde. Le probénécide déplace la courbe dose-réponse sérique vers la droite mais n'affecte pas la relation entre l'excrétion urinaire de furosémide et la réponse, ce qui démontre l'importance de la relation entre la concentration urinaire (à la différence de la concentration sérique) et la réponse. Cette relaition fournit un instrument utile pour évaluer la réponse aux diurétiques dans divers états où la résistance à ces drogues est observée

Manfaat Data Warehouse pada PT ABC

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current system to find out problems faced by the company and propose alternative solutions and generate information needed by management by designing a data warehouse according to the information needs of PT ABC. This research implements analysis and design of datawarehouse by Ralph Kimball and Ross cited by Connolly and Begg, known as Nine-Step Methodology. The result obtained is a data warehouse application that may present a multidimensional historical data that can assist the management in decisions. Designing data warehouse at PT ABC makes concise the enterprise dataand can be viewed from several dimensions. It helps users analyze data for strategic decision quickly and accurately

Self-reported illness among Boston-area international travelers: A prospective study

This is the Accepted Manuscript version and was published in final edited form as: Travel Med Infect Dis. 2016 ; 14(6): 604–613. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.09.009.BACKGROUND: The Boston Area Travel Medicine Network surveyed travelers on travel-related health problems. METHODS: Travelers were recruited 2009-2011 during pre-travel consultation at three clinics. The investigation included pre-travel data, weekly during-travel diaries, and a post-travel questionnaire. We analyzed demographics, trip characteristics, health problems experienced, and assessed the relationship between influenza vaccination, influenza prevention advice, and respiratory symptoms. RESULTS:Of 987 enrolled travelers, 628 (64%) completed all surveys, of which 400 (64%) reported health problems during and/or after travel; median trip duration was 12 days. Diarrhea affected the most people during travel (172) while runny/stuffy nose affected the most people after travel (95). Of those with health problems during travel, 25% stopped or altered plans; 1% were hospitalized. After travel, 21% stopped planned activities, 23% sought physician or other health advice; one traveler was hospitalized. Travelers who received influenza vaccination and influenza prevention advice had lower rates of respiratory symptoms than those that received influenza prevention advice alone (18% vs 28%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS:A large proportion of Boston-area travelers reported health problems despite pre-travel consultation, resulting in inconveniences. The combination of influenza prevention advice and influenza immunization was associated with fewer respiratory symptoms than those who received influenza prevention advice alone