4 research outputs found

    Alternativ för anestesi av kanin

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    Risken att dö i samband med sedering eller anestesi Àr cirka Ätta gÄnger högre för kaniner Àn för hundar. De flesta dödsfall sker 0-3 timmar efter sedering eller anestesi. Syftet med detta arbete Àr att undersöka de olika alternativen vid anestesi av kanin med fokus pÄ att jÀmföra inhalations- och injektionslÀkemedel, samt att försöka hitta en förklaring till den höga mortaliteten. Anestesi kan genomföras pÄ ett flertal sÀtt. Induktion och upprÀtthÄllande av anestesi kan ske via inhalation eller injektion. AdministrationssÀtten och de olika lÀkemedlen gÄr Àven att kombinera pÄ flera sÀtt, till exempel genom att inducera via injektion och upprÀtthÄlla anestesi via inhalation. Vid induktion med inhalationslÀkemedel upplever kaniner obehag och hÄller andan under lÄnga perioder. Propofol, kombination av opioid och sederande lÀkemedel eller ketamin-midazolam-xylazin kan anvÀndas för total intravenös anestesi (TIVA). Apné och andningsdepression Àr vanliga bieffekter vid anvÀndning av anestesilÀkemedel pÄ kanin. Ofta Àr syresÀttningen dÄlig och för att förebygga detta bör kaniner fÄ andas in syrgas under induktion och hela narkostiden. SÀrskilt vid anvÀndning av TIVA och opioidkombinationer bör beredskap finnas för att mekaniskt ventilera djuret. Ketamin och bensodiazepiner orsakar inte allvarliga negativa effekter pÄ andningen vid kliniska doser. Slutsatsen Àr att mycket kan göras för att förbÀttra anestesi för kaniner. Generellt bör kaniner intuberas och fÄ andas syrgas under anestesin, oavsett vilket/vilka lÀkemedel som anvÀnds samt att induktion med narkosgaser bör undvikas. Ketamin och bensodiazepiner Àr en lovande kombination av lÀkemedel. TIVA Àr ett fördelaktigt alternativ ur miljösynpunkt eftersom substanser för inhalation Àr vÀxthusgaser. AnvÀndning av dessa bör dÀrför hÄllas till ett minimum. Orsaken bakom den höga dödligheten för kaniner i samband med sedering och anestesi Àr svÄrt att förklara med aktuell kunskap. Idag finns inga tydliga svar men mÄnga faktorer kan spela in. Det Àr ett outforskat omrÄde dÀr mycket kan förbÀttras i framtiden med forskningens hjÀlp.Rabbits have a mortality risk in connection with sedation and anaesthesia about eight times higher compared to dogs. Most deaths occur postoperatively, within three hours after sedation or anaesthesia. The aim with this paper is to investigate the different alternatives for anaesthesia in rabbits and to compare inhalation and injection agents. An answer to the question of why rabbits have such a high risk of death will also be examined. The two main options regarding anaesthetic protocol are the choice of induction and maintenance by inhalation or injection agents. The different ways of administration can be combined, for example induction by injection and maintenance with inhalation agents. Induction with solely inhalation agents is very unpleasant for rabbits and it is common for rabbits to hold their breath during long periods of time. Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) can be accomplished with a number of substances, for example propofol, opioid-sedative or ketamine-midazolame-xylazine. Apnea and respiratory depression are commonly occurring side effects during anaesthesia in rabbits and oxygenation is often poor regardless of which drug combinations are used. During TIVA-protocol and with the use of opioid combinations, practitioners should be prepared to mechanically ventilate the patient. Ketamine and benzodiazepines only have minor effects on respiration when given in clinical doses. In conclusion, a lot can be done to improve anaesthesia in rabbits. Rabbits should be intubated and allowed to inhale oxygen during anaesthesia. Induction solely by inhalation is not recommended. Ketamine and benzodiazepines is a promising combination of drugs. TIVA is favorably from an environmental standpoint because substances used for inhalation are greenhouse gasses. Their use should therefore be held to a minimum. The reasons behind the higher risk of death is difficult to answer with current knowledge. There is much research to be done in different areas before an answer could be possible. With the help of this research much can be done to improve the survival of rabbits following anesthesia

    Anpassningsbara kycklingar

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    Syftet med mitt arbete Ă€r att undersöka hur kycklingars tidiga uppvĂ€xtmiljö pĂ„verkar deras förmĂ„ga att anpassa sig och hantera stress. Djur som lever i en berikad miljö fĂ„r större möjlighet att lĂ€ra sig hantera fler utmaningar vilket kan leda till att de blir bĂ€ttre pĂ„ att hantera förĂ€ndringar i miljön senare i livet. Det leder potentiellt att de upplever mindre rĂ€dsla och stress vilket skulle kunna frĂ€mja djurvĂ€lfĂ€rden i en produktionsmiljö med mĂ„nga potentiella stressorer och utmaningar. Minskning av stress leder Ă€ven till minskad sjukdom och ökad produktion vilket skulle gynna industrin pĂ„ kort och lĂ„ng sikt (Black, 1994). Arbetets hypotes Ă€r att kycklingar som under de 4 första veckorna i livet fĂ„r större valmöjligheter i miljön kommer att ha lĂ€gre stressnivĂ„ och rĂ€dsla Ă€n de kycklingar som har haft fĂ€rre valmöjligheter. Detta tankesĂ€tt grundar sig i att djur som fĂ„r fler valmöjligheter Ă€ven möter fler utmaningar och dĂ€rför lĂ€ttare kan anpassa sig till utmaningar (exempelvis stressfyllda situationer) senare i livet. Hypotesen baseras pĂ„ predictive adaptive response (PAR) hypotesen som utgĂ„r ifrĂ„n att den tidiga utvecklingen Ă€r en möjlighet för individen att anpassa sig till den framtida levnadsmiljön. Unga (eller ofödda) individer kan pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt anpassa sin fenotyp för den framtida miljön baserat pĂ„ indikationer frĂ„n omgivningen. Anpassningen kan vara fysiologisk eller beteendemĂ€ssig (Bateson et al., 2014). Kycklingarna i studien bodde i 16 boxar med 22-23 fĂ„glar i varje box. HĂ€lften av fĂ„glarna fick tillgĂ„ng till en sorts sittpinne och en sorts strö (denna inredningsvariant benĂ€mns nedan no choice – NC) under livets första 4 veckor medan den andra hĂ€lften fick kontinuerlig tillgĂ„ng till fyra sorters sittpinnar och fyra sorters strö under livets 4 första veckor (denna inredningsvariant benĂ€mns nedan choice – C). Varje sort som presenterades i C fanns representerade i tvĂ„ boxar av NC-variant. DĂ€refter byttes inredningen i hĂ€lften av boxarna frĂ„n choice till no choice (CN) eller frĂ„n no choice till choice (NC). Kycklingarnas lĂ„ngvariga stressnivĂ„er utvĂ€rderades genom att de utsattes för ett standardiserat beteendetest som anses mĂ€ta rĂ€dsla (tonic immobility test) samt ett immunologiskt test (heterofil/lymfocyt ratio). Tonic immo-bility test utfördes pĂ„ hĂ€lften av fĂ„glarna i varje box vid 4 och 7 veckors Ă„lder (före och efter att hĂ€lften av fĂ„glarna fick en miljöförĂ€ndring). Blodprovstagning för utrĂ€kning av heterofil/lymfocyt ratio utfördes pĂ„ hĂ€lften av fĂ„glarna i varje box vid 6 veckors Ă„lder (efter förĂ€ndringen). Samma individer anvĂ€ndes för TI- test och blodprovstagning. PĂ„ grund av tidsbrist kunde denna studie enbart inkludera hĂ€lften av boxarna i studie av heterofil/lymfocyt ratio (box 9-16). Resultat Det fanns signifikanta skillnader gĂ€llande parametrar i tonic immobility test (duration av immobilitet, tid till första vokalisering, tid till första huvudrörelse och antal induktionsförsök) för alla behandlings-grupper mellan de tvĂ„ testtillfĂ€llena. Resultaten visar pĂ„ att fĂ„glarna Ă€r mindre rĂ€dda och stressade vid det andra testtillfĂ€llet Ă€n vid det första testtillfĂ€llet. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader vid parametrar i tonic immobility tester i jĂ€mförelse mellan behandlingsgrupperna. GĂ€llande H/L ratio sĂ„gs ingen signifikant skillnad mellan fĂ„glar beroende pĂ„ vilken inredning de haft under försökets tid. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan behandlingsgrupper gĂ€llande andel hete-rofiler i blodet. BetrĂ€ffande andel lymfocyter i blodet sĂ„gs en tendens till skillnad mellan behandlings-grupper. Behandlingsgrupp C hade den högsta andelen lymfocyter i blodet och behandlingsgrupp N hade den lĂ€gsta andelen lymfocyter i blodet. Ingen korrelation sĂ„gs pĂ„ individnivĂ„ mellan TI-test och H/L-ratios. Denna studie kan inte visa att nivĂ„n av valmöjligheter under livets fyra första veckor har betydelse för kycklingars stressnivĂ„ senare i livet.The aim of this paper is to investigate how the habitat of chickens influences their adaptive plasticity and stress handling capability. Animals that live in a more diverse environment will be exposed to a wider array of experiences and challenges and therefore may have a greater ability to tackle challenges with less stress later in life. This is based on the predictive adaptive response (PAR) hypothesis which is based on the possibility that early development is an adaption possibility to future environment con-ditions. Juvenile animals have the opportunity to adapt their phenotype to the future environment based on indications from the present environment. Adaptions can be both physiological and behavioural (Bateson et al., 2014). An increased ability to cope with challenges improves animal welfare because it reduces stress and fear, especially during environmental changes. Reducing stress also reduces disease and increases production which is beneficial in a short- and long-term financial perspective (Black, 1994). The working hypothesis of this paper is that chicks that had a choice of litter and perches in their pens for the first 4 weeks of life will have greater adaptability later in life and as a result feel less stress and fear. The chicks in this study were housed in 16 pens with 22-23 birds in each pen. Half of the birds only had access to one type of perch and one type of litter during the first 4 weeks of life (treatment no choice – NC). The other half had access to 4 types of litter and 4 types of perches during the same time period (treatment choice – C). When the chick was 4 weeks old the environment was changed in half of the pens with choice and half of the pens with no choice. This consisted of changing the choice environment to no choice or vice versa. The rest of the pens had some environmental change but not by changing the treatment. Stress levels of the chicks were evaluated by a standardised behavioural test designed to measure fear, tonic immobility (TI), and an immunological test, heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. TI tests were performed on half of the birds from each pen when the chicks were 4 and 7 weeks old (before and after half of the chicks had a change in the environment). Blood sampling and H/L ratio were per-formed when the chicks were 6 weeks old (after a change in the environment for half of the chicks). Because of lack of time only half of the birds from half of the pens could be included in the study regarding H/L ratio (pen numbers 9-16). The same birds were tested each time. Results When comparing the results of the two TI sessions, there was a significant decrease in duration of TI, time to first vocalisation and time to first head movement. This is indicative of that the chicks were less afraid and stressed during the second TI-test. No significant differences were found between the differ-ent treatments in the two sessions. There was no significant difference between treatment groups regarding H/L ratio. No difference was seen regarding the percentage of heterophils in the blood. There was a tendency to a difference between treatment groups regarding the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood. No correlation was found between individual TI tests and H/L ratios. This study could not show that the early environment had an impact on the chick’s levels of stress later in life

    Suicidal ideation in a European Huntington's disease population.

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    Clinical and genetic characteristics of late-onset Huntington's disease

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    Background: The frequency of late-onset Huntington's disease (>59 years) is assumed to be low and the clinical course milder. However, previous literature on late-onset disease is scarce and inconclusive. Objective: Our aim is to study clinical characteristics of late-onset compared to common-onset HD patients in a large cohort of HD patients from the Registry database. Methods: Participants with late- and common-onset (30–50 years)were compared for first clinical symptoms, disease progression, CAG repeat size and family history. Participants with a missing CAG repeat size, a repeat size of ≀35 or a UHDRS motor score of ≀5 were excluded. Results: Of 6007 eligible participants, 687 had late-onset (11.4%) and 3216 (53.5%) common-onset HD. Late-onset (n = 577) had significantly more gait and balance problems as first symptom compared to common-onset (n = 2408) (P <.001). Overall motor and cognitive performance (P <.001) were worse, however only disease motor progression was slower (coefficient, −0.58; SE 0.16; P <.001) compared to the common-onset group. Repeat size was significantly lower in the late-onset (n = 40.8; SD 1.6) compared to common-onset (n = 44.4; SD 2.8) (P <.001). Fewer late-onset patients (n = 451) had a positive family history compared to common-onset (n = 2940) (P <.001). Conclusions: Late-onset patients present more frequently with gait and balance problems as first symptom, and disease progression is not milder compared to common-onset HD patients apart from motor progression. The family history is likely to be negative, which might make diagnosing HD more difficult in this population. However, the balance and gait problems might be helpful in diagnosing HD in elderly patients
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