Loanword strata in Livonian

The article deals with loanword strata in Livonian. The first part of the article compares loanword strata in Courland Livonian to those of Salaca Livonian with regard to source language (Middle Low German, Latvian, High German, and Russian) and parts of speech. The second part of the article examines semantic fields in Salaca Livonian in which the influence of Latvian is particularly strong or weak. Finally, historical conclusions are drawn based on the data presented.Kokkuvõte. Eberhard Winkler: Liivi keele laensõnakihid. Artikkel käsitleb liivi keele laensõnakihte. Esimeses osas võrreldakse Kuramaa ja Salatsi liivi keele laensõnakihte, pidades silmas laenuandjat keelt (keskalamsaksa, läti, ülemsaksa ja vene), seejärel analüüsitakse laensõnu sõnaliigiti. Teises osas vaadeldakse salatsiliivi sõnavara semantilisi välju, milles läti keele mõju avaldub eriti tugevalt või piiratult. Lõpuks esitatakse keeleajaloolisi järeldusi.Märksõnad: liivi keele, laensõnakihid, läti laensõnade semantilised väljadKubbõvõttõks. Eberhard Winkler: Līvõ kīel līensõnād kȭrdad. Kēra tuņšlõb līensõnād kȭrdidi. Ežmis jagsõ ītlõb Kurāmǭ līvõ kīel ja Salāts līvõ kīel līensõnād kȭrdidi līenāndajiz kīel pierrõ (sidāmizalāmsaksā, lețkīel, iļīzsaksā, krīevõ kēļ) ja sīetagān līensõnād sõnāvīțiņ. Tuois jagsõ vaņţlõb Salāts līvõ kīel sõnāvīļa semantiliži nūrmidi, kus lețkīel mȯj um vȯnd īžkiz kangti agā suorndõd. Lopāndõksõks tīeb pierāldõkši iļ kīelistōrij

Verbiprefiksid Salatsi liivi keeles

Artikkel käsitleb Salatsi liivi verbiprefiksite esinemist Johann Andreas Sjögreni materjalide põhjal. Arvestades Kuramaa liivi vastavaid uurimusi ja asjaolu, et Sjögreni ajal oli Salatsi liivi juba väljasurev keel, oleks ootuspärane verbiprefiksite arvukas kasutus. Siiski analüüs osutab, et ühelt poolt ei ole verbiprefiksite hulk kuigi suur, teiselt poolt võib neid leida peamiselt kirjalikest tekstidest, mis on otse läti keelest liivi keelde tõlgitud: enamikul juhtudel esinevad verbiprefiksid Salatsi liivi keeles siis, kui need on ka läti keeles. Ühtlasi ilmneb, et verbiprefiksid on küll Salatsi liivis omaks võetud, kuid seda ainult vähesel määral.Abstract. Eberhard Winkler: Verb prefixes in Salaca Livonian. The article discusses the occurrence of Salaca Livonian verb prefixes based on Andreas Sjögren's data. Considering the relevant studies in Courland Livonian and the fact that Salaca Livonian was already a dying language at the time of Sjögren frequent use of verb prefixes would be expected. However, the analysis shows that on the one hand the use of verb prefixes is not very frequent, on the other hand they can mainly be found in written texts translated directly from Latvian to Livonian: in most cases the prefixes occur in Livonian when they are also presen in Latvian. Moreover, it appears that verb prefixes have been adopted in Salaca Livonian but only to a small extent.Keywords: verb prefixes; Livonian; Salaca Livonian; Courland Livonia

István Futaky 1926–2013

Nekrolog István Futaky 1926–201

Cseremisz etimológiai adatbázis = An Etymological Database of Cheremis Language

A kutatás célja etimológiai adatbázis összeállítása ill. etimológiai és és lexikológiai forrásmunkák kiadása volt egy később összeállítandó Cseremisz etimológiai szótár számára. 1. Az adatbázis jelen terjedelme 510 oldal terjedelmű szerkesztett etimológiai szócikk, melynek további bővítése folyamatban van. 2. Két kötet etimológiai és szókészleti forrásmunkát kiadtunk, további két kötet megjelenése folyamatban van. 3. Az etimológiai szócikkek kidolgozásával párhuzamosan 11 folyóiratcikk, és 3 könyvfejezet készült el. 4. A cseremisz szókészlet orosz jövevényszavainak etimológiai kutatásáról egy 2008-ban rendezett nemzetközi konferencián számoltunk be, a cseremisz-volgai török nyelvi kapcsolatokról elért eredményeinket a 2010-es CIFU11 nemzetközi finnugrisztikai konferencián adjuk elő. Kutatásaink összegezéseként a Volga-vidéki nyelvi area nyelvi dominancia-viszonyairól a 2010-ben rendezendő 15. ICTL konferenciára neveztünk be előadást. | The aim of the research was the creation of an etymological data-base and the publishing of lexicological and etymological source-books for the creation of a Cheremis etymological dictionary. 1. The data-base covers 510 pages of edited lemmas the expansion of which is in process, 2. Two volumes of etymologic and lexikologic source-books have already been published, two more are yet to be done. 3. In line with the elaboration of the lemmas 11 journal-articles and 3 book-chapters were written. The most of our publications were issued in dignified international journals. 4. Lecture was given on the Russian loan-words of the Cheremis vocabulary on the 14th International conference of Slavic languages in 2008, one is to be done on the Cheremis-Volga Turkic linguistic contacts on the 11th International Finnugristic Conference in 2010. As a summing up of the linguistic dominance relations of the Volga-Region a lecture was announced on the 15th ICTL conference in 2010

A strategy for enrichment of claudins based on their affinity to Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Claudins, a family of protein localized in tight junctions, are essential for the control of paracellular permeation in epithelia and endothelia. The interaction of several claudins with <it>Clostridium perfringens </it>enterotoxin (CPE) has been exploited for an affinity-based enrichment of CPE-binding claudins from lysates of normal rat cholangiocytes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry (MS) experiments demonstrate strong enrichment of the CPE-binding claudins -3, -4 and -7, indicating specific association with glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-CPE_116–319fusion protein. In parallel, the co-elution of (non-CPE-binding) claudin-1 and claudin-5 was observed. The complete set of co-enriched proteins was identified by MS after electrophoretic separation. Relative mass spectrometric protein quantification with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) made it possible to discriminate specific binding from non-specific association to GST and/or matrix material.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>CPE_116–319provides an efficient tool for single step enrichment of different claudins from cell lysates. Numerous proteins were shown to be co-enriched with the CPE-binding claudins, but there are no indications (except for claudins -1 and -5) for an association with tight junctions.</p

Gene expression and activity of specific opioid-degrading enzymes in different brain regions of the AA and ANA lines of rats

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that alcoholism runs in families suggesting that genetic factors may play a role. In support of this hypothesis, the alcohol-preferring (AA) and the alcohol-avoiding (ANA) rat lines have been developed through selective outbreeding. Numerous studies indicate that the endogenous opioid system may be involved in controlling ethanol consumption. Changes in opioid peptides and opioid receptors have been described after ethanol intake. But, the influence of ethanol on peptidolytic degradation of opioid peptides has been largely ignored, although the peptidase-mediated metabolism of neuropeptides is known as an important regulatory site of peptidergic transmission. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) degrade neuropeptides, including enkephalin and are expressed in the brain. Furthermore, a good correspondence between the regional distribution of NEP and opioid receptors in rat brain has already been reported pointing to a possible role of NEP in regulating opioid peptides. For both enzymes studied, the gene expression pattern was found to be in good agreement with the corresponding enzyme activities in the brain regions investigated, showing the highest levels for both specific mRNAs and enzyme activities in the striatum. Differences in both measured parameters were detected in distinct brain regions of AA and ANA rats. Furthermore, in some brain regions discrepancies between ACE and NEP mRNA levels and the corresponding enzyme activities were observed. For example, in olfactory bulb and striatum such discrepancies were found for both enzymes studied. In tegmentum/colliculi a higher NEP gene expression in AA rats was associated with a higher NEP enzyme activity compared to the amounts found in ANA rats