Analysis of treatment results in primary germ cell tumours with mediastinal location: own experience

Wstęp: Pierwotne nowotwory z komórek rozrodczych o lokalizacji śródpiersiowej stanowią 1–6% guzów śródpiersia oraz 2–5% wszystkich nowotworów z komórek rozrodczych występujących u dorosłych. Rozpoznawane są najczęściej w 3. dekadzie życia, w 90% u mężczyzn. Najczęstsze objawy to: duszność, bóle w klatce piersiowej, kaszel, stany podgorączkowe i utrata masy ciała. Celem pracy była ocena wyników leczenia pierwotnych nowotworów z komórek rozrodczych o lokalizacji śródpiersiowej i przegląd piśmiennictwa poświęconego tej tematyce.Materiał i metody: W okresie od 1999 do 2009 roku w Klinice Nowotworów Płuca i Klatki Piersiowej Centrum Onkologii-Instytut im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie w Warszawie leczono 5 chorych z nowotworem z komórek rozrodczych o pierwotnej lokalizacji śródpiersiowej, 4 mężczyzn i 1 kobietę. Średnia wieku wyniosła 27,8 roku (zakres 23–30).Wyniki: U wszystkich chorych zastosowano chemioterapię według schematu BEP. U wszystkich chorych uzyskano obiektywną odpowiedź na leczenie. Dwóch chorych zmarło z powodu progresji choroby pomimo stosowania chemioterapii II i III linii. Trzech chorych nadal pozostaje w obserwacji. Mediana czasu przeżycia wyniosła 55,8 miesiąca (zakres 8,0–120,0).Wnioski: Pierwotne nowotwory z komórek rozrodczych o lokalizacji śródpiersiowej są nowotworami o rokowaniu gorszym niż w lokalizacji gonadalnej. Na podstawie obserwacji własnych i przeglądu piśmiennictwa można stwierdzić, że wyniki leczenia pierwotnych nienasieniaków w lokalizacji śródpiersiowej pozostają niezadowalające. Szczególnie niekorzystne są wyniki leczenia chorych, u których dochodzi do wczesnej wznowy lub progresji w trakcie chemioterapii I linii. Określenie nowych standardów postępowania w nowotworach opornych na cisplatynę wymaga dalszych badań oceniających skuteczność cytostatyków nowych generacji.Introduction: Primary germ cell tumours with mediastinal location comprise 1–6% of mediastinal tumours and 2–5% of all germ cell tumours occurring in adults. They are identified mostly in the 3rd decade of life, in 90% of cases in men. The most common symptoms are dyspnea, chest pain, cough, fever and weight loss. The aim of the present study was the analysis of our own results of treatment of primary germ cell tumours with mediastinal location, and a review of the literature concerning this subject.Material and methods: Five patients (4 males, 1 female) median age 27.8 years (range 23–30 years) treated in the period from 1999 to 2009 in Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Department of Lung Cancer and Chest Tumours in Warsaw, due to germinal tumours with primary mediastinal location, entered the study.Results: All patients received chemotherapy according to the BEP regimen. All patients achieved an objective response to treatment. Two patients died due to disease progression in spite of II- and III-line treatment. Three patients are still in follow-up. The median survival time was 55.8 months (range 8.0–120.0 months).Conclusions: Primary mediastinal germ cell tumours have worse prognosis than do those with gonadal location. Based on our observations and review of the literature, it can be concluded that the results of treatment of non-seminoma type germ cell tumours with primary mediastinal location remain poor. Patients who develop early recurrence or progression during first-line chemotherapy are particularly at risk of unfavourable outcome. Identification of new standards of treatment in tumours resistant to cisplatin require further studies evaluating the effectiveness of new generation cytostatic drugs

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES TOWARDS CATTLE BABESIOSIS – TICK–BORNE DISEASE

Cattle babesiosis is a dangerous and economically important tick–borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The vector of the disease are ticks from Ixodidae family. Symptoms of disease are fever, anorexia, lethargy, anemia, jaundice and hemoglobinuria.The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence of Babesia spp. in cattle in Lublin region. The PCR technique revealed the presence of 18S RNA Babesia spp. genetic material in the blood of 20 from 192 examined animals (10.4%). Our study showed that the bovine babesiosis occur in Poland with asymptomatic form and does not reduce milk production significantly. The diagnosis depends only on the basis of detection of the genetic material of parasite, and the direct microscopic examination of blood smears is not useful in the identification of Babesia spp. in erythrocytes.The comparison of PCR products showed low homology level between isolates with present study and other Babesia sequences obtained around the world.Moreover, the study showed the prevalence of piroplasms in ticks from Lublin region is low (0,63%).

Pierwotne nowotwory grasicy-obecny stan wiedzy

Thymic malignancies are rare epithelial tumors — they constitute 0.2–1.5 of all neoplasms. Clinical stageand histological type are predictores of outcome. Surgery is the mainstay of the curative-intent treatmentof thymic tumors, in some cases adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy are necessary. Multiagentchemotherapy — based on cisplatin, cycklophosphamid and doxorubicin — is indicated for patientwith recurrent or metastatic disease. Patients with positive somatostatin receptor scintigraphy positivetumors can be also treated with somatostatin analogues. Targeted therapies, such a belinostate, erlotinib,imatinib, are under investigation.Pierwotne nowotwory grasicy są rozpoznawane rzadko – stanowią 0,2- 1,5% wszystkich nowotworów. Rokowanie i przebieg kliniczny wyznaczają stopień zaawansowania i typ histologiczny nowotworu. Podstawową metodą leczenia jest radykalne postępowanie chirurgiczne, które u części chorych wymaga leczenia uzupełniającego (chemioterapia lub radioterapia). Chorzy, u których doszło do pierwotnego lub wtórnego uogólnienia choroby, są kwalifikowani do leczenia systemowego, najczęściej wielolekowej chemioterapii opartej na cisplatynie, doksorubicynie i cyklofosfamidzie. Postępowaniem o udokumentowanej skuteczności w przypadku chorych z potwierdzoną ekspresją receptorów somatostatynowych jest leczenie analogami somatostatyny. Obecnie badane są również niektóre leki ukierunkowane molekularnie (np. belinostat, erlotynib, imatynib)

Tracheal cancers

Primary tracheal tumors are very rare and the literature on this subject is limited. Due to their rarity and diversity, the provision of patient care in terms of optimal management poses a considerable challenge. There are no unequivocal guidelines concerning the treatment in patients with local or distant disease. The most common types of primary tracheal tumors are squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma of the trachea is 2–4 times more common in men than in women and develops primarily in the sixth and seventh decades of life. It is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea occurs with similar frequency in men and women, and is most common in the fourth and fifth decades of life. The etiology of this type is unknown, however it is not associated with tobacco smoking. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is characterized by submucosal and perineural spread. Treatment of patients with primary tracheal tumors requires a multidisciplinary approach. Optimal treatment of localized tumors is based on surgery or radiotherapy. If distant metastases are present the therapeutic palliative methods are: chemotherapy, palliative radiotherapy or palliative surgery. The prognosis of patients with primary tracheal tumors is determined by several factors. Histological diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma, good performance status, and complete resection have been identified as favorable prognostic factors. Despite intensive treatment, the 5-year survival rate for primary tracheal tumors is not satisfactory

LETTERS ON BIRCH BARK: HISTORY ANDCONSERVATION OF OBJECTS FROM THE MUSEUMOF REV. JÓZEF JARZĘBOWSKI IN LICHEŃ STARY

Artefacts made of and from untypical materialswith the use of sophisticated techniques preserved in museumsconstitute an exceptional challenge to museum curators. Suchis the case of two letters described in the paper, written onbirch bark by someone signed as the female: Janka and Jaśkadispatched to her mother from the Soviet Polovinka Gulag inthe Urals in 1946 and 1947. Currently, the artefacts are in thecollection of the Museum of Rev. Józef Jarzębowski in LicheńStary, while their history was explained only in the 2010s. In2022, the letters underwent museum conservation, whichallowed to find out what material they were written on andwhat technique was used for the execution, following whichthey were appropriately preserved so that they can last thelongest possible minimizing their deterioration

Noise effects in the quantum search algorithm from the computational complexity point of view

We analyse the resilience of the quantum search algorithm in the presence of quantum noise modelled as trace preserving completely positive maps. We study the influence of noise on computational complexity of the quantum search algorithm. We show that only for small amounts of noise the quantum search algorithm is still more efficient than any classical algorithm.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure

Resonant nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atoms

In this article, we review the history, current status, physical mechanisms, experimental methods, and applications of nonlinear magneto-optical effects in atomic vapors. We begin by describing the pioneering work of Macaluso and Corbino over a century ago on linear magneto-optical effects (in which the properties of the medium do not depend on the light power) in the vicinity of atomic resonances, and contrast these effects with various nonlinear magneto-optical phenomena that have been studied both theoretically and experimentally since the late 1960s. In recent years, the field of nonlinear magneto-optics has experienced a revival of interest that has led to a number of developments, including the observation of ultra-narrow (1-Hz) magneto-optical resonances, applications in sensitive magnetometry, nonlinear magneto-optical tomography, and the possibility of a search for parity- and time-reversal-invariance violation in atoms.Comment: 51 pages, 23 figures, to appear in Rev. Mod. Phys. in Oct. 2002, Figure added, typos corrected, text edited for clarit

Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1 alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1 alpha in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1 alpha dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1 alpha dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD.Peer reviewe