THE REINFORCING PROPERTY OF ETHANOL IN THE RHESUS MONKEY: I. INITIATION, MAINTENANCE AND TERMINATION OF INTRAVENOUS ETHANOL-REINFORCED RESPONDING * †

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74569/1/j.1749-6632.1973.tb28263.x.pd

Effects of ethanol withdrawal on ethanol-reinforced responding in rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys self-administered ethanol intravenously during daily, 3-h sessions. When ethanol-reinforced responding was stable and ethanol intake was in the range of 2.6-3.6 g/kg/3 h, physiological dependence to ethanol was induced by daily passive infusions of additional ethanol. In less than 1 week, mild to moderate withdrawal signs were observed prior to daily sessions. Ethanol intake was suppressed in the presence of these withdrawal signs and returned to normal only after withdrawal signs had subsided.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27033/1/0000021.pd

Behavior-dependent selectivity of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) in the mouth of a commercial bottom trawl

-To improve the efficiency of a commercial bottom trawl for catching yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), we studied the behavior of individuals in the middle of the trawl mouth. Observations were conducted with a high-definition camera attached at the center of the headline of a trawl, during the brightest time of day in June 2010 off eastern Newfoundland. Behavioral responses were quantified and analyzed to evaluate predictions related to fish behavior, orientation, and capture. Individuals showed 3 different initial responses independent of fish size, gait, and fish density: they swam close to (75%), were herded away from (19%), or moved vertically away from (6%) the seabed. Individuals primarily swam in the direction of initial orientation. No fish were oriented against the trawling direction. Fish in the center of the trawl mouth tended to swim along the bottom in the trawling direction. Only individuals that were stimulated to leave the bottom were caught. Individuals in peripheral locations within the trawl mouth more often swam inward and upward. Fish that swam inward were twice as likely to be caught. Fish size, gait, and fish density did not influence the probability of capture. A trawl that stimulates yellowtail flounder to orient inward and leave the bottom would increase the efficiency of a trawl

Bruising patterns in commercially harvested yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea)

AbstractFillet discolouration, commonly known as bruising, is an unintended and undesirable consequence in many commercial fishing operations. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to objectively measure and characterize the size and location of discolouration patterns that are currently observed in the fillets of commercially harvested yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) on the east coast of Canada. To accomplish this, an image processing program was developed to analyse fillet discolouration patterns. Total discoloured area and percent fillet coverage were measured and compared to total bruise weight and percent bruise weight attained from manual assessment. Results revealed that bruising was evident in 86.5% of the fish sampled. Of all the parameters measured, fish weight was the only parameter correlated with bruise weight. Bruise area ranged from 0 to 124.5cm2, with a mean of 12.1cm2 (s.d.=21.4), and accounted for an average of 4.3% of fillet area. Bruises were not uniformly distributed on any of the fillet sides. Results revealed a strong tendency for bruising to occur at the anterior dorsal region of the fillet, commonly known as the “nape”. Functional explanations for this finding are provided, including recommendations for future research

Intravenous self‐administration studies with l ‐deprenyl (selegiline) in monkeys *

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110034/1/cptclpt1994208.pd

Discriminative stimulus effects of pentobarbital in rhesus monkeys: Tests of stimulus generalization and duration of action

Rhesus monkeys were trained to emit 20 or 30 consecutive responses on one lever following an IM injection of pentobarbital (10 or 18 mg/kg) and the same number of consecutive responses on another lever following an injection of saline. The required number of correct consecutive responses in both cases resulted in food delivery. When responding was reliably under the control of the presession injection, the ability of a variety of other compounds to produce pentobarbital-appropriate responding was examined. Diazepam, clobazam, methohexital, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital, given 10 or 20 min before the session, produced dose-related pentobarbital-appropriate responding in each monkey. Ethylketazocine and dextromethorphan produced responding primarily on the saline-appropriate lever, whereas codeine, cyclazocine, dextrorphan and ketamine resulted in responding that was, on the average, intermediate between that appropriate for pentobarbital and that appropriate for saline. When tested at various times after their injection, methohexital (3.2 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) produced pentobarbital-appropriate responding within 10 min. Barbital (56 mg/kg) resulted in pentobarbital-appropriate responding only if at least 1 h intervened between the injection and the experimental session. The discriminative effects of methohexital, pentobarbital, and barbital lasted approximately 20–60, 120–240, and 480–720 min, respectively. The time-course of the discriminative stimulus effects of barbiturates in the rhesus monkey appears to parallel closely other pharmacological actions of these compounds.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46427/1/213_2004_Article_BF00435273.pd

Effects of circadian rhythm phase alteration on physiological and psychological variables: Implications to pilot performance (including a partially annotated bibliography)

The effects of environmental synchronizers upon circadian rhythmic stability in man and the deleterious alterations in performance and which result from changes in this stability are points of interest in a review of selected literature published between 1972 and 1980. A total of 2,084 references relevant to pilot performance and circadian phase alteration are cited and arranged in the following categories: (1) human performance, with focus on the effects of sleep loss or disturbance and fatigue; (2) phase shift in which ground based light/dark alteration and transmeridian flight studies are discussed; (3) shiftwork; (4)internal desynchronization which includes the effect of evironmental factors on rhythmic stability, and of rhythm disturbances on sleep and psychopathology; (5) chronotherapy, the application of methods to ameliorate desynchronization symptomatology; and (6) biorythm theory, in which the birthdate based biorythm method for predicting aircraft accident susceptability is critically analyzed. Annotations are provided for most citations

Effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on snow crab catch rates in the Barents Sea pot fishery

Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) has become an important species for the Norwegian seafood industry since its first commercial harvest in 2012. However, periodically catch rates can be low, causing a financial strain on the fishery. Thus, improving the catch rate of existing pot designs has the potential to significantly improve the profitability of fishing enterprises. In this study, we investigated whether the addition of low-powered purple and white light-emitting diode (LED) fishing lights inside the pots could improve catch rates of snow crab in the Barents Sea. Results showed that pots with purple lights harvested a 12.8% higher catch per unit effort (CPUE; number of crab per pot) of legal-sized crab, which was significantly more than the control pots (p = 0.035); pots with white lights did not catch significantly more crab (p > 0.05). Pots equipped with only light (no bait) caught very few crabs and were not considered a viable alternative. Although purple LEDs increased snow crab capture, the economic benefits of using underwater lights in pots remains unclear given the high capital investment required.publishedVersio

Comparison of fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of maintenance of stimulant drug-reinforced responding

The effectiveness of doses of i.v. cocaine and nomifensine in maintaining lever-press responding in rhesus monkeys was evaluated under two schedules, fixed- and progressive-ratio (FR, PR). The doses that maintained maximum rates of responding under the fixed-ratio schedule were 0.32 mg/kg per injection cocaine and 0.10 mg/kg per injection nomifensine. The fixed-ratio rates maintained by this dose of nomifensine were slightly lower than those maintained by cocaine. Under the progressive-ratio schedule, the maximum response rates developed with 0.32 mg/kg per injection cocaine and 0.32 mg/kg per injection nomifensine. Maximum performances under the progressive ratio were slightly higher with cocaine than with nomifensine. Taken in conjunction with existing data for other drugs and conditions, these data indicate that progressive-ratio schedules may yield information on the relative reinforcing effects of drugs that differs only slightly from that obtained with fixed-ratio schedules.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25672/1/0000225.pd

Behavioral characterization of opioid mixed agonist-antagonists

The effects of agonists and partial agonists of both mu and kappa receptor systems are described in several behavioral tests in rhesus monkeys. Procedures measuring drug discrimination, drug self-administration, drug dependence, and drug-induced analgesia are differentially sensitive to the agonist and antagonist effects of various opioids. The sensitivity of each of the procedures may be modified by altering behavioral parameters or dose of drug used to establish the behavioral effect.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26483/1/0000019.pd