Photosensitive plastic used to produce three-dimensional casting patterns

Patterns with small lettering and intricate designs are prepared by using two-dimensional artwork, photographic reduction and Dycril. Two-dimensional artwork and photographic processes replace conventional relief work. Artwork size is convenient and does not restrict lettering and design size in casting

Complex numbers from 1600 to 1840

This thesis uses primary and secondary sources to study advances in complex number theory during the 17th and 18th Centuries. Some space is also given to the early 19th Century. Six questions concerning their rules of operation, usage, symbolism, nature, representation and attitudes to them are posed in the Introduction. The main part of the thesis quotes from the works of Descartes, Newton, Wallis, Saunderson, Maclaurin, d'Alembert, Euler, Waring, Frend, Hutton, Arbogast, de Missery, Argand, Cauchy, Hamilton, de Morgan, Sylvester and others, mainly in chronological order, with comment and discussion. More attention has been given tp algebraists, the originators of most advances in complex numbers, than to writers in trigonometry, calculus and analysis, who tended to be users of them. The last chapter summarises the most important points and considers the extent to which the six questions have been resolved. The most important developments during the period are identified as follows: (i) the advance in status of complex numbers from 'useless' to 'useful'. (ii) their interpretation by Wallis, Argand and Gauss in arithmetic, geometric and algebraic ways. (iii) the discovery that they are essential for understanding polynomials and logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions. (iv) the extension of trigonometry, calculus and analysis into the complex number field. (v) the discovery that complex numbers are closed under exponentiation, and so under all algebraic operations. (vi) partial reform of nomenclature and symbolism. (vii) the eventual extension of complex number theory to n dimensions

Geographies of creative labour: the working lives and spaces of British travel bloggers

This thesis seeks to advance understanding of the wider cultural and economic politics of creative labour, through an in-depth understanding of the working lives and workspaces of British travel bloggers. In particular, the research explores the aesthetic, affective and entrepreneurial components of travel bloggers’ creative work, alongside how travel bloggers construct and understand both their careers and workspaces. The empirical fieldwork deploys a qualitative methodology, focused on nineteen travel bloggers, which uses semi-structured interviews, photo elicitation interviews and netnography data. The thesis research is positioned at the intersection of scholarship on creative labour, the blogging economy, and digital work, so aims to make a number of key interventions into each of these areas of scholarly study. In particular, the thesis makes three key analytical claims, which form the basis of the three empirical chapters. The first argues that travel blogging involves aesthetic work which occurs directly through the labour of self-fashioning. Here, the thesis explores and expands the concept of aesthetic labour, developing the idea of the travel blogger dispositif as the idealised embodiment of characteristics which the travel blogger seeks to attain. The second empirical chapter deals with ideas of affective connections between the blogger and others. In this chapter, the research understands travel blogging work as affective labour, unpacking how travel bloggers seek to create and sustain affective relationships with their ordinary followers, with other bloggers and with brands. The final empirical chapter is focused around the idea of entrepreneurial labour, teasing out the elements of versatility and uncertainty across the working lives of travel bloggers varying in career trajectory from hobbyists to professionals. The thesis concludes by demonstrating how it addresses the three principal research claims (namely, that travel blogging involves distinctive forms of aesthetic, affective and entrepreneurial labour). It also highlights the different ways in which the thesis makes us think spatially about the digital and real-world geographies of creative work

Investigations of the molecular determinants of maize streak virus replication

Includes bibliographical references.Geminiviruses replicate via a rolling circle mechanism, which initiates at the origin of replication located within the long intergenic region (LIR). The viral replication associated-protein (Rep) in conjunction with the host's DNA replication machinery is responsible for the initiation and termination of the replication cycle from a stem-loop structure, located within the LIR and conserved throughout the three genera of Geminiviridae. The specific interaction between the Rep protein with sequences within the intergenic region has been well characterised for the begomoviruses and to some extent the curtoviruses; however, this interaction in the mastreviruses, and in particular maize streak virus (MSV), has yet to be fully explored. A theoretical model has been proposed based on sequence data and informed by the current understanding of replication specificity in begomoviruses. Due to the lack of conservation of the stem sequence of the stem-loop structure amongst mastreviruses, the model implicates a pair of nucleotide sequence repeats called iterons. These are located within the stem structure, and on the complementary sense side of the LIR. The former is the putative site of Rep interaction with the LIR. These iterons would therefore potentially act as the determinants of replication specificity amongst mastreviruses

The Experiences of Adult Education Instructors Adapting to the Online Teaching and Learning Environment

This case study tracks the narrative journey of four faculty women as they discovered ways to handle the transitional experience of moving from face-to-face classroom teaching into an online asynchronous adult learning environment. It is the intention of the study that, by documenting the experiences of these faculty, we will be able to provide recommendations that will assist and support other faculty beginning to teach in an online environment

C-type lectin-like receptors of the dectin-1 cluster : ligands and signaling pathways

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Fc-conjugated C-type lectin receptors: Tools for understanding host-pathogen interactions

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordData availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.The use of soluble fusion proteins of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) used in the detection of exogenous and endogenous ligands has helped resolve the roles of PRRs in the innate immune response to pathogens, how they shape the adaptive immune response, and function in maintaining homeostasis. Using the immunoglobulin (Ig) crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain as a fusion partner, the PRR fusion proteins are soluble, stable, easily purified, have increased affinity due to the Fc homodimerization properties, and consequently have been used in a wide range of applications such as flow cytometry, screening of protein and glycan arrays, and immunofluorescent microscopy. This review will predominantly focus on the recognition of pathogens by the cell membrane-expressed glycan-binding proteins of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) subgroup of PRRs. PRRs bind to conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as glycans, usually located within or on the outer surface of the pathogen. Significantly, many glycans structures are identical on both host and pathogen (e.g. the Lewis (Le) X glycan), allowing the use of Fc CLR fusion proteins with known endogenous and/or exogenous ligands as tools to identify pathogen structures that are able to interact with the immune system. Screens of highly purified pathogen-derived cell wall components have enabled identification of many unique PAMP structures recognized by CLRs. This review highlights studies using Fc CLR fusion proteins, with emphasis on the PAMPs found in fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The structure and unique features of the different CLR families is presented using examples from a broad range of microbes whenever possible.Medical Research Council (MRC

What is Virtual Production? An Explainer & Research Agenda

Virtual production harnesses the power of virtualising technologies to create digital environments in, and through which film and television can be made. In combination, these technologies offer more flexibility to filmmakers and the potential to cut carbon emissions. But while the technologies at the centre of virtual production are not new, their application in combination with each other is generating new approaches to production which are evolving fast. In this report, we highlight the prominent technologies involved in virtual production and how these have been used in three approaches to virtual production: live action green/blue screen, entirely virtual worlds and LED volume virtual production. The report then goes on to examine the ‘emergent orthodoxies’ of virtual production: what the opportunities and challenges associated with virtual production are and how virtual production is changing established production workflows. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for further work on virtual production, posing questions about how the industry and its associated working practices may develop and how virtual production might address skills shortages and equality, diversity and inclusion