Experimental study of the image of their future profession of students of psychology at initial stages of education

В статье рассматривается экспериментальное исследование образа профессии у студентов-психологов на начальном этапе обучения

Nonlinear dynamic measures of walking in healthy older adults: A systematic scoping review.

This is the final version. Available from MDPI via the DOI in this record. Data Availability Statement: Not applicableBACKGROUND: Maintaining a healthy gait into old age is key to preserving the quality of life and reducing the risk of falling. Nonlinear dynamic analyses (NDAs) are a promising method of identifying characteristics of people who are at risk of falling based on their movement patterns. However, there is a range of NDA measures reported in the literature. The aim of this review was to summarise the variety, characteristics and range of the nonlinear dynamic measurements used to distinguish the gait kinematics of healthy older adults and older adults at risk of falling. METHODS: Medline Ovid and Web of Science databases were searched. Forty-six papers were included for full-text review. Data extracted included participant and study design characteristics, fall risk assessment tools, analytical protocols and key results. RESULTS: Among all nonlinear dynamic measures, Lyapunov Exponent (LyE) was most common, followed by entropy and then Fouquet Multipliers (FMs) measures. LyE and Multiscale Entropy (MSE) measures distinguished between older and younger adults and fall-prone versus non-fall-prone older adults. FMs were a less sensitive measure for studying changes in older adults' gait. Methodology and data analysis procedures for estimating nonlinear dynamic measures differed greatly between studies and are a potential source of variability in cross-study comparisons and in generating reference values. CONCLUSION: Future studies should develop a standard procedure to apply and estimate LyE and entropy to quantify gait characteristics. This will enable the development of reference values in estimating the risk of falling

Profiling Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Perceived Impact on Training and Performance in a Global Sample of Women Rugby Players.

PURPOSE: The potential impact of hormonal contraceptives (HCs) on player health and performance in women's rugby union (rugby) is not well understood, despite rugby's growing popularity worldwide. This study investigated the prevalence of HC use and reported associations with training and performance in a global sample of women rugby players. METHOD: A globally distributed online survey, seeking to explore experiences in women's rugby, was completed by 1596 current or former adult women 7s or 15s rugby players (mean age 27 [6] y; 7 [5] y playing experience) from 62 countries. The survey included a section of questions about reported HC use, including the type, reason for use, symptoms, and experiences relating to rugby training and performance. RESULTS: A total of 606 (38%) participants from 33 of the 62 (53%) countries reported using HCs, with the combined oral contraceptive pill reported as the most frequently used (44%). Almost half of participants using HCs (43%) tracked HC-related symptoms. Over 10% reported altered rugby performance due to HC-related symptoms, 22% required medication to manage symptoms, and 11% used HCs to control or stop their menstrual periods for rugby training and performance. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights the prevalence of HC use in women's rugby, identifying practices that may negatively affect performance, health, and well-being. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the motivations for such practices and knowledge of potential side effects among women rugby players across all levels and countries

Supporting shared decision making for older people with multiple health and social care needs: a realist synthesis

Background: Health care systems are increasingly moving towards more integrated approaches. Shared decision making (SDM) is central to these models but may be complicated by the need to negotiate and communicate decisions between multiple providers, as well as patients and their family carers; particularly for older people with complex needs. The aim of this review was to provide a context relevant understanding of how interventions to facilitate SDM might work for older people with multiple health and care needs, and how they might be applied in integrated care models. Methods: Iterative, stakeholder driven, realist synthesis following RAMESES publication standards. It involved: 1) scoping literature and stakeholder interviews (n-13) to develop initial programme theory/ies, 2) systematic searches for evidence to test and develop the theories, and 3) validation of programme theory/ies with stakeholders (n=11). We searched PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google, Google Scholar, and undertook lateral searches. All types of evidence were included. Results: We included 88 papers; 29 focused on older people or people with complex needs. We identified four context-mechanism-outcome configurations that together provide an account of what needs to be in place for SDM to work for older people with complex needs. This includes: understanding and assessing patient and carer values and capacity to access and use care, organising systems to support and prioritise SDM, supporting and preparing patients and family carers to engage in SDM and a person-centred culture of which SDM is a part. Programmes likely to be successful in promoting SDM are those that allow older people to feel that they are respected and understood, and that engender confidence to engage in SDM. Conclusions: To embed SDM in practice requires a radical shift from a biomedical focus to a more person-centred ethos. Service providers will need support to change their professional behaviour and to better organise and deliver services. Face to face interactions, permission and space to discuss options, and continuity of patient-professional relationships are key in supporting older people with complex needs to engage in SDM. Future research needs to focus on inter-professional approaches to SDM and how families and carers are involved

The acute influence of amateur boxing on cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide

This is the author accepted manuscriptPurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of head impacts, sustained over the course of three rounds of amateur boxing, on indices of cerebrovascular function. Methods: 18 university amateur boxers (six female) completed three experimental trials in a randomised order; 1) three rounds of boxing (BOX), 2) an equivalent bout of pad boxing (where no blows to the head were sustained; PAD), and 3) a time-matched seated control trial (CON). Indices of cerebrovascular function were determined immediately before and 45 minutes after each trial. Specifically, dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) was determined by considering the relationship between changes in cerebral blood velocity and mean arterial pressure during five minutes of squat-stand manoeuvres at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz. Cerebrovascular reactivity was determined using serial breath holding and hyperventilation attempts. Results: Participants received an average of 40 ± 16 punches to the head during the BOX trial. Diastolic, mean and systolic dCA phase during squat stand manoeuvres at 0.05 Hz was lower after BOX compared to pre BOX (P≤0.02, effect size (d)≥0.74). No other alterations in dCA outcomes were observed at 0.05 or 0.10 Hz. The number of head impacts received during the BOX trial was associated with the change in systolic phase (r=0.50, P=0.03). No differences in cerebrovascular reactivity to breath holding or hyperventilation were observed. Conclusion: A typical bout of amateur boxing (i.e. three rounds) can subtly alter cerebral pressure-flow dynamics, and the magnitude of this change may be related to head impact exposure

The genetics of falling susceptibility and identification of causal risk factors

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordFalls represent a huge health and economic burden. Whilst many factors are associated with fall risk (e.g. obesity and physical inactivity) there is limited evidence for the causal role of these risk factors. Here, we used hospital and general practitioner records in UK Biobank, deriving a balance specific fall phenotype in 20,789 cases and 180,658 controls, performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) and used Mendelian Randomisation (MR) to test causal pathways. GWAS indicated a small but significant SNP-based heritability (4.4%), identifying one variant (rs429358) in APOE at genome-wide significance (P < 5e-8). MR provided evidence for a causal role of higher BMI on higher fall risk even in the absence of adverse metabolic consequences. Depression and neuroticism predicted higher risk of falling, whilst higher hand grip strength and physical activity were protective. Our findings suggest promoting lower BMI, higher physical activity as well as psychological health is likely to reduce falls.National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR

Managing Climatic Variability in Queensland’s Grazing Lands — New Approaches

The grazing industries based on beef cattle and sheep are the major land use by area in Queensland, occupying greater than 80% of the State and contributing over 30% of total value of agricultural products in terms of meat, live animals and wool. Animals feed mostly on native and sown perennial grass pastures growing across a range of climates, soils and vegetation types. At both a location and regional scale, year-to-year variability in rainfall and other climatic variables is high, with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon as a major cause. Preliminary studies on the use of seasonal climate forecasting indicate potential for better management decisions such as — (a) herd management by forecasting rates of reproduction and mortalities, and (b) pasture management by improved use of pasture burning, improved legume establishment and assessing risks of overgrazing. The management of stocking rate in Queensland’s variable climate is very important for the profitability and sustainability of grazing enterprises. Current approaches to achieve both goals include using — - ‘safe’ carrying capacity, which is based on low levels of utilisation of pasture growth on average - flexible grazing management, which involves changing animal numbers each year at the end of the growing season - tactical grazing management, which involves rapid rotation of stock through a large number of paddocks as in ‘time controlled grazing’, and - ‘tactical rest’, which involves rules for seasonal changes in stocking rate based on condition of perennial grasses. Current research and experience with these approaches is described and the possible role of seasonal climate forecasting discussed