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Newspaper article explaining R.B. LeCocq, who graduated law school from University of Michigan in 1912, finally received his doctor degree in 1969 due to updated requirements.https://nwcommons.nwciowa.edu/lecocqnewspaper/1007/thumbnail.jp

Statistical Study of Aircraft Icing Probabilities at the 700- and 500- Millibar Levels over Ocean Areas in the Northern Hemisphere

A statistical study is made of icing data reported from weather reconnaissance aircraft flown by Air Weather Service (USAF). The weather missions studied were flown at fixed flight levels of 500 millibars (18,000 ft) and 700 millibars (10,000 ft) over wide areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans. This report is presented as part of a program conducted by the NACA to obtain extensive icing statistics relevant to aircraft design and operation. The thousands of in-flight observations recorded over a 2- to 4-year period provide reliable statistics on icing encounters for the specific areas, altitudes, and seasons included in the data. The relative frequencies of icing occurrence are presented, together with the estimated icing probabilities and the relation of these probabilities to the frequencies of flight in clouds and cloud temperatures. The results show that aircraft operators can expect icing probabilities to vary widely throughout the year from near zero in the cold Arctic areas in winter up to 7 percent in areas where greater cloudiness and warmer temperatures prevail. The data also reveal a general tendency of colder cloud temperatures to reduce the probability of icing in equally cloudy conditions

Role of Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Backwaters in the Winter Survival of Freshwater Drum (\u3ci\u3eAplodinotus grunniens\u3c/i\u3e) in the Mississippi River

Annual winter impingement of large numbers of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) on screens of a power station intake on the Mississippi River led to an investigation of the cause of impingement. Impingement occurred most abundantly in winter and early spring and primarily involved juvenile fish. Pronounced drift of moribund and dead fish was found in the main channel above and below the power station in late winter. Laboratory studies indicated that juvenile freshwater drum became disoriented, incapacitated, and suffered increased mortality as water temperature dropped to 1 °C and below. In winter and early spring, temperatures were 0 °C in the main and side channels of the river, but pockets of water above 1 °C existed in some backwaters. Dissolved oxygen concentrations declined through the winter, becoming very low in some backwaters. An aggregation of fishes including freshwater drum was observed in the warmer backwaters. Variations in river flow and dissolved oxygen depletion in some backwaters were postulated to cause periodic disruption of the thermal refuges and an associated appearance of incapacitated and dead juvenile freshwater drum in the drift. If man-induced changes to the river eliminate backwater winter refuges, the ichthyofauna of the river could ultimately be altered

Methodology development for evaluation of selective-fidelity rotorcraft simulation

This paper addressed the initial step toward the goal of establishing performance and handling qualities acceptance criteria for realtime rotorcraft simulators through a planned research effort to quantify the system capabilities of 'selective fidelity' simulators. Within this framework the simulator is then classified based on the required task. The simulator is evaluated by separating the various subsystems (visual, motion, etc.) and applying corresponding fidelity constants based on the specific task. This methodology not only provides an assessment technique, but also provides a technique to determine the required levels of subsystem fidelity for a specific task

Recommended Values of Meteorological Factors to Be Considered in the Design of Aircraft Ice-Prevention Equipment

Meteorological conditions conducive to aircraft icing are arranged in four classifications: three are associated with cloud structure and the fourth with freezing rain. The range of possible meteorological factors for each classification is discussed and specific values recommended for consideration in the design of ice-prevention equipment for aircraft are selected and tabulated. The values selected are based upon a study of the available observational data and theoretical considerations where observations are lacking. Recommendations for future research in the field are presented

Design for validation: An approach to systems validation

Every complex system built is validated in some manner. Computer validation begins with review of the system design. As systems became too complicated for one person to review, validation began to rely on the application of adhoc methods by many individuals. As the cost of the changes mounted and the expense of failure increased, more organized procedures became essential. Attempts at devising and carrying out those procedures showed that validation is indeed a difficult technical problem. The successful transformation of the validation process into a systematic series of formally sound, integrated steps is necessary if the liability inherent in the future digita-system-based avionic and space systems is to be minimized. A suggested framework and timetable for the transformtion are presented. Basic working definitions of two pivotal ideas (validation and system life-cyle) are provided and show how the two concepts interact. Many examples are given of past and present validation activities by NASA and others. A conceptual framework is presented for the validation process. Finally, important areas are listed for ongoing development of the validation process at NASA Langley Research Center

Mexican Money Laundering in the United States: Analysis and Proposals for Reform

This article explains some of the mechanisms through which corruption by high-level Mexican politicians and other organized crime members is facilitated in the United States through money laundering operations. The analysis is based on information contained in court records related to key money laundering cases, as well as in news articles and reports from law enforcement agencies. These materials highlight the interrelationships among U.S. drug use, cartel activities in Mexico, human rights abuses, Mexican political corruption, and money laundering in the United States. This work demonstrates the pervasive use of legitimate businesses and fronts in the United States as a disguise for criminal activity. Finally, it provides recommendations for a reformation of policies and penalties directed toward U.S. institutions and persons that facilitate money laundering