PC tools for project management: Programs and the state-of-the-practice

The use of microcomputer tools for NASA project management; which features are the most useful; the impact of these tools on job performance and individual style; and the prospects for new features in project management tools and related tools are addressed. High, mid, and low end PM tools are examined. The pro's and con's of the tools are assessed relative to various tasks. The strengths and weaknesses of the tools are presented through cases and demonstrations

Equal opportunities: Do shareable interfaces promote more group participation than single users displays?

Computers designed for single use are often appropriated suboptimally when used by small colocated groups working together. Our research investigates whether shareable interfaces–that are designed for more than one user to inter-act with–can facilitate more equitable participation in colocated group settings compared with single user displays. We present a conceptual framework that characterizes Shared Information Spaces (SISs) in terms of how they constrain and invite participation using different entry points. An experiment was conducted that compared three different SISs: a physical-digital set-up (least constrained), a multitouch tabletop (medium), and a laptop display (most constrained). Statistical analyses showed there to be little difference in participation levels between the three conditions other than a predictable lack of equity of control over the interface in the laptop condition. However, detailed qualitative analyses revealed more equitable participation took place in the physical-digital condition in terms of verbal utterances over time. Those who spoke the least contributed most to the physical design task. The findings are discussed in relation to the conceptual framework and, more generally, in terms of how to select, design, and combine different display technologies to support collaborative activities

Using ontologies to enhance human understandability of global post-hoc explanations of black-box models

The interest in explainable artificial intelligence has grown strongly in recent years because of the need to convey safety and trust in the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of automated decision-making to users. While a plethora of approaches has been developed, only a few focus on how to use domain knowledge and how this influences the understanding of explanations by users. In this paper, we show that by using ontologies we can improve the human understandability of global post-hoc explanations, presented in the form of decision trees. In particular, we introduce Trepan Reloaded, which builds on Trepan, an algorithm that extracts surrogate decision trees from black-box models. Trepan Reloaded includes ontologies, that model domain knowledge, in the process of extracting explanations to improve their understandability. We tested the understandability of the extracted explanations by humans in a user study with four different tasks. We evaluate the results in terms of response times and correctness, subjective ease of understanding and confidence, and similarity of free text responses. The results show that decision trees generated with Trepan Reloaded, taking into account domain knowledge, are significantly more understandable throughout than those generated by standard Trepan. The enhanced understandability of post-hoc explanations is achieved with little compromise on the accuracy with which the surrogate decision trees replicate the behaviour of the original neural network models

Developing a Next-Generation Model for Massive Digital Learning

A decade ago, massively open online courses (MOOCs) were heralded as the solution to universal, global access to higher education. While they failed to reach this vision, primarily because of teaching-by-telling and learning-by-listening (a PDF of the residential classroom), MOOCs provided the foundational models and infrastructure for emergency remote learning in the pandemic. Reports of remote learning’s death post-pandemic are greatly exaggerated, since the world is now irreversibly hybrid—and will stay that way because many people and organizations value the new opportunities this presents. From now on, when students leave the shelter of classrooms to interact with the world beyond schooling, they must have skills for adept performance both face-to-face and across distance. Colleges, universities, and regions that force all teaching and learning to be face-to-face are dooming their graduates to reduced agency in every other aspect of life. As discussed in recent reports from Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, innovative approaches to digital learning were developed during the pandemic that are now improving campus-based learning. Insights from these approaches offer the opportunity for student engagement at scale, taking advantage of strengths of online instruction such as collapsing time, bridging space, personalizing via rich datastreams, using AI-based instructional assistants and learning partners, delivering content and experience across universities, and sustaining online learning communities after formal instruction ends. Combined, these advances can enable next-generation massive digital hybrid learning, a means to achieve the aspirational vision of universal global access to higher education. A coalition of higher education institutions could begin to realize this vision, an essential step in enabling all learners to survive and thrive in our increasingly turbulent, disruptive global economy and civilization

Universal principles of design: A cross-disiplinary refence

Beverly, Massachusetts272 p.: illus., index; 20 c

Universal Principles of Design

Buku Prinsip Universal Design ini berisi 125 jalan untuk meningkatkan kegunaan, mempengaruhi persepsi, meningkatkan daya tarik, membuat keputusan desain terbaik, dan mengajar melalui desain. Konsep buku ini, secara luas disebut ‘prinsip’ berisi tentang hukum, panduan, bias manusia, dan pertimbangan desain umum. Buku ini disusun secara alfabetis sehingga mudah dan cepat direferensikan berdasarkan nama