Homeostasis and Polymorphism in Vernal Development of Chaoborus Americanus

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/119057/1/ecy19735461247.pd

Homeowner chemical safety

"This is one ofa series of UMC Guides on chemical safety and its application. Other related Guides available at your University Extension Center are UMC Guide 1915, First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning; 1917, Personal Protective Equipmentfor Working with Pesticides; 1916,Pesticide Application Safety; 1908, Fires in Agricultural Chemicals; and 7500, Safe Use of Insecticides. We use chemicals every day. They help us to live better and stay healthy. Yet, used carelessly, these trusted, familiar chemicals can be dangerous. Each year about 200,000 accidental poisonings occur in the United States and about 2,500 result in death. In Missouri there were approximately 14,000 reported cases treated at poison control centers during 1977."--First page.David E. Baker (Agricultural Engineering Department, College of Agriculture), William Bradshaw (Department of Continuing Education/Family Community Medicine)5/79/8

Microarrays Reveal Early Transcriptional Events during the Termination of Larval Diapause in Natural Populations of the Mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

overwinters in a larval diapause that is initiated, maintained and terminated by day length (photoperiod). We use a forward genetic approach to investigate transcriptional events involved in the termination of diapause following exposure to long-days. is up-regulated under long-day response conditions, is located under a QTL for critical photoperiod and is associated with critical photoperiod after 25 generations of recombination from a cross between extreme phenotypes. as a gene either involved in the photoperiodic switch mechanism or very tightly linked to a gene that is. We conclude that continued forward genetic approaches will be central to understanding not only the molecular basis of photoperiodism and diapause, but also the evolutionary potential of temperate and polar animal populations when confronted with rapid climate change

Circadian clock genes, ovarian development and diapause

Insects, like most organisms, have an internal circadian clock that oscillates with a daily rhythmicity, and a timing mechanism that mediates seasonal events, including diapause. In research published in BMC Biology, Ikeno et al. show that downregulation of the circadian clock genes period and cycle affects expression of ovarian diapause in the insect Riptortus pedestris. They interpret these important results as support for Erwin Bünning's (1936) hypothesis that the circadian clock constitutes the basis of photoperiodism. However, their observations could also be the result of pleiotropic effects of the individual clock genes

Oral health and risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study

Recent reports have linked oral health and periodontal disease indicators with increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). Thus far, evidence has been inconclusive; our objective was to study the association between oral health and SCCHN risk in the context of a large population-based study

Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Likelihood of Breast Cancer among Black and White Women: A Report from the Southern Community Cohort Study

Increased physical activity has been shown to be protective for breast cancer although few studies have examined this association in black women. In addition, limited evidence to date indicates that sedentary behavior may be an independent risk factor for breast cancer. We examined sedentary behavior and physical activity in relation to subsequent incident breast cancer in a nested case-control study within 546 cases (374 among black women) and 2,184 matched controls enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Sedentary and physically active behaviors were assessed via self-report at study baseline (2002–2009) using a validated physical activity questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate mutually adjusted odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for quartiles of sedentary and physical activity measures in relation to breast cancer risk. Being in the highest versus lowest quartile of total sedentary behavior (≥12 hours/day versus <5.5 hours/day) was associated with increased odds of breast cancer among white women (OR=1.94 [95% CI 1.01–3.70], p for trend=0.1) but not black women (OR=1.23 [95% CI 0.82–1.83], p for trend=0.6) after adjustment for physical activity. After adjustment for sedentary activity, greater physical activity was associated with reduced odds for breast cancer among white women (p for trend=0.03) only. In conclusion, independent of one another, sedentary behavior and physical activity are risk factors for breast cancer among white women. Differences in these associations between black and white women require further investigation. Reducing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activity are potentially independent targets for breast cancer prevention interventions

Mortality trends and diff erentials in South Africa from 1997 to 2012: second National Burden of Disease Study

Background The poor health of South Africans is known to be associated with a quadruple disease burden. In the second National Burden of Disease (NBD) study, we aimed to analyse cause of death data for 1997–2012 and develop national, population group, and provincial estimates of the levels and causes of mortality. Method We used underlying cause of death data from death notifi cations for 1997–2012 obtained from Statistics South Africa. These data were adjusted for completeness using indirect demographic techniques for adults and comparison with survey and census estimates for child mortality. A regression approach was used to estimate misclassifi ed HIV/AIDS deaths and so-called garbage codes were proportionally redistributed by age, sex, and population group population group (black African, Indian or Asian descent, white [European descent], and coloured [of mixed ancestry according to the preceding categories]). Injury deaths were estimated from additional data sources. Age-standardised death rates were calculated with mid-year population estimates and the WHO age standard. Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (IHME GBD) estimates for South Africa were obtained from the IHME GHDx website for comparison. Findings All-cause age-standardised death rates increased rapidly since 1997, peaked in 2006 and then declined, driven by changes in HIV/AIDS. Mortality from tuberculosis, non-communicable diseases, and injuries decreased slightly. In 2012, HIV/AIDS caused the most deaths (29·1%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (7·5%) and lower respiratory infections (4·9%). All-cause age-standardised death rates were 1·7 times higher in the province with the highest death rate compared to the province with the lowest death rate, 2·2 times higher in black Africans compared to whites, and 1·4 times higher in males compared with females. Comparison with the IHME GBD estimates for South Africa revealed substantial diff erences for estimated deaths from all causes, particularly HIV/AIDS and interpersonal violence. Interpretation This study shows the reversal of HIV/AIDS, non-communicable disease, and injury mortality trends in South Africa during the study period. Mortality diff erentials show the importance of social determinants, raise concerns about the quality of health services, and provide relevant information to policy makers for addressing inequalities. Diff erences between GBD estimates for South Africa and this study emphasise the need for more careful calibration of global models with local data

Persistent burden from non-communicable diseases in South Africa needs strong action

Continued effort and politcal will must be directed towards preventing, delaying the onset of and managing non-communicable diseases in South Africa

Ozone and aerosol distributions and air mass characteristics over the South Pacific during the burning season

In situ and laser remote measurements of gases and aerosols were made with airborne instrumentation to establish a baseline chemical signature of the atmosphere above the South Pacific Ocean during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE)/Pacific Exploratory Mission‐Tropics A (PEM‐Tropics A) conducted in August‐October 1996. This paper discusses general characteristics of the air masses encountered during this experiment using an airborne lidar system for measurements of the large‐scale variations in ozone (O3) and aerosol distributions across the troposphere, calculated potential vorticity (PV) from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), and in situ measurements for comprehensive air mass composition. Between 8°S and 52°S, biomass burning plumes containing elevated levels of O3, over 100 ppbv, were frequently encountered by the aircraft at altitudes ranging from 2 to 9 km. Air with elevated O3 was also observed remotely up to the tropopause, and these air masses were observed to have no enhanced aerosol loading. Frequently, these air masses had some enhanced PV associated with them, but not enough to explain the observed O3 levels. A relationship between PV and O3 was developed from cases of clearly defined O3 from stratospheric origin, and this relationship was used to estimate the stratospheric contribution to the air masses containing elevated O3 in the troposphere. The frequency of observation of the different air mass types and their average chemical composition is discussed in this paper