Syntactic Computation as Labelled Deduction: WH a case study

This paper addresses the question "Why do WH phenomena occur with the particular cluster of properties observed across languages -- long-distance dependencies, WH-in situ, partial movement constructions, reconstruction, crossover etc." These phenomena have been analysed by invoking a number of discrete principles and categories, but have so far resisted a unified treatment. The explanation proposed is set within a model of natural language understanding in context, where the task of understanding is taken to be the incremental building of a structure over which the semantic content is defined. The formal model is a composite of a labelled type-deduction system, a modal tree logic, and a set of rules for describing the process of interpreting the string as a set of transition states. A dynamic concept of syntax results, in which in addition to an output structure associated with each string (analogous to the level of LF), there is in addition an explicit meta-level description of the process whereby this incremental process takes place. This paper argues that WH-related phenomena can be unified by adopting this dynamic perspective. The main focus of the paper is on WH-initial structures, WH in situ structures, partial movement phenomena, and crossover phenomena. In each case, an analysis is proposed which emerges from the general characterisatioan of WH structures without construction-specific stipulation.Articl

Die Libellenfauna des Altkreises Bersenbrück : mit 1 Tabelle

Es wird die Libellenfauna des Altkreises Bersenbrück (Landkreis Osnabrück) durch eine ausführliche Charakterisierung aller gefundenen Arten dargestellt. Diese Artenliste beruht auf eigenen Beobachtungen wie auf Angaben aus der Literatur. Weiterhin wird anhand von 7 Probestellen ein Einblick in den Charakter verschiedener Larvalbiotope gegeben. Im Altkreis Bersenbrück wurden bisher 38 Libellenarten nachgewiesen, 5 davon allerdings zuletzt vor 15 Jahren! Wie auch aus den ökologischen Untersuchungen an den ProbesteIlen ersichtlich wird, geht diese Verarmung der Libellenfauna offenbar auf die in den letzten 20-30 Jahren im Rahmen von Kultivierungsmaßnahmen durchgeführte Beseitigung und Zerstörung zahlreicher Feuchtbiotope im Untersuchungsgebiet zurück. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf aktuelle Gefährdungskriterien und Möglichkeiten des Biotopschutzes der Libellen hingewiesen

SEM demonstration of elastic fibres in the integument of small and densely-haired mammals

The combination of SEM and autoclave methods gave a clear three-dimensional demonstration of integumental elastic fibres in small densely-haired mammals. The specific organisation of a fine and spongy elastic network was characterized by uniformly thin elastic fibres which were homogeneously distributed between both hair follicle types throughout the whole dermis. All the hair follicles were connected with each other by elastic fibres along their complete intradermal length. The advantage of such a specific elastic dermis construction is that all hair follicles can be moved together and simultaneously along the entire body, so that a better and rapid insulation is achieved after erection of the hair follicles during very low temperatures

Bemerkenswerte Wiederfunde an Bockkäfern (Col., Cerambycidae) für die Käferfauna der Nordeifel und des nördlichen Eifelvorlandes, Nordrhein-Westfalen

Es wird über bemerkenswerte Funde von sieben Bockkäfer-Arten (Cerambycidae) der Nordeifel (südliches Nordrhein-Westfalen) berichtet.This paper lists remarkable records of seven species of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the northern part of the Eifel (Northrhine Westphalia)

Indefinites as Epsilon Terms: A Labelled Deduction Account

This paper gives an account of indefinites as epsilon terms within a model of utterance processing as a task of labelled deduction, in which partially specified inputs are progressively resolved during the interpretation process. The formal tools used are labelled deduction (Gabbay), the epsilon calculus (Meyer-Viol 1995), and a tree-logic (LOFT - Blackburn & Meyer-Viol 1994) which characterises the structure as it is incrementally built. The system has been partly implemented in SWI-Prolog as part of a longer-term project and the model is a transition system which defines the steps which license movement from state to state.Articl

TEM and SEM observations on the extracellular matrix of the developing murine centra

TEM and SEM application demonstrated that the shift from chondrification to ossification in the developing murine centra from day 15 to day 18 of gestational age is marked by typical structural variations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). During day 15 GA, typical matrix vesicles with crystalline contents appeared, as followed by single and fusing pleomorphic aggregates of a more regular crystalline structure. During days 17/18 GA, these structures disappeared, and the ECM now exhibited a network of collagen fibrils that had been less conspicuous before. During the time period studied, the ECM switched from a more acid (proteoglycans) to a rather neutral (glycoproteins) milieu

Constraining the nuclear equation of state at subsaturation densities

Only one third of the nucleons in $^{208}$Pb occupy the saturation density area. Consequently nuclear observables related to average properties of nuclei, such as masses or radii, constrain the equation of state (EOS) not at saturation density but rather around the so-called crossing density, localised close to the mean value of the density of nuclei: $\rho\simeq$0.11 fm$^{-3}$. This provides an explanation for the empirical fact that several EOS quantities calculated with various functionals cross at a density significantly lower than the saturation one. The third derivative M of the energy at the crossing density is constrained by the giant monopole resonance (GMR) measurements in an isotopic chain rather than the incompressibility at saturation density. The GMR measurements provide M=1110 $\pm$ 70 MeV (6% uncertainty), whose extrapolation gives K$_\infty$=230 $\pm$ 40 MeV (17% uncertainty).Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Time course of changes in endurance capacity : a 1-yr training study

PURPOSE: To investigate the magnitude and the time course of changes in endurance capacity during the first year of an aerobic endurance training program with constant HR prescription. METHODS: Eighteen previously untrained subjects (7 males and 11 females, 42 +/- 5 yr, BMI of 24.3 +/- 2.5 kg x m(-2), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) of 37.7 +/- 4.6 mL x min(-1) x kg(-1)) completed a 12-month jogging/walking program on 3 d x wk(-1) 45 min per session with a constant HR prescription of 60% HR reserve. Exhaustive treadmill tests were conducted before the intervention and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of training. In addition, submaximal tests on an indoor running track were performed every 4 wk. RESULTS: After 12 months, VO(2max) had increased by 0.36 +/- 0.33 L x min(-1) (median [interquartile range]: 16% [9%-20%], P < 0.001). After 3, 6, and 9 months, 52%, 65%, and 79% of this increase were reached, respectively. Resting HR decreased by a total of 9 +/- 6 min(-1) (P<0.001). Of this change, 47% and 102% had occurred after 3 and 6 months, respectively. Submaximal exercise HR during the treadmill tests decreased by 11 +/- 7 min(-1) (P < 0.001) on average. After 3 and 6 months of training, 93% and 101% of this change were observed, respectively. The running track tests revealed that submaximal exercise HR did not change significantly after the ninth week of training. CONCLUSIONS: Beginners in recreational endurance exercise are advised to increase their training stimulus after 6 months of training to maintain training effectiveness because no further significant changes in endurance capacity were observed thereafter. When planning future endurance training studies in untrained subjects, it should be taken into account that submaximal exercise HR might reflect endurance changes during the first week only, whereas VO(2max) remains responsive after several months

The in vivo phosphorylation sites of bovine αB-crystallin

AbstractPhosphate content determinations established that in αB-crystallin two phosphate groups can be present in vivo in bovine lenses. Comparison of tryptic digests of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated αB chains, revealed the location of the two phosphorylation sites in tryptic peptides T2 and T3. Thermolytic digestion and gas-phase sequencing demonstrated that Ser-19 and Ser-45 are the in vivo phosphorylation sites of bovine αB-crystallin. This pattern of phosphorylation differs from the previously reported in vitro obtained results