31 research outputs found
A Self-consistent Simulation of Proton Acceleration and Transport Near a High-speed Solar Wind Stream
Solar wind stream interaction regions (SIRs) are often characterized by energetic ion enhancements. The mechanisms accelerating these particles, as well as the locations where the acceleration occurs, remain debated. Here, we report the findings of a simulation of a SIR event observed by Parker Solar Probe at similar to 0.56 au and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory-Ahead at similar to 0.95 au in 2019 September when both spacecraft were approximately radially aligned with the Sun. The simulation reproduces the solar wind configuration and the energetic particle enhancements observed by both spacecraft. Our results show that the energetic particles are produced at the compression waves associated with the SIR and that the suprathermal tail of the solar wind is a good candidate to provide the seed population for particle acceleration. The simulation confirms that the acceleration process does not require shock waves and can already commence within Earth's orbit, with an energy dependence on the precise location where particles are accelerated. The three-dimensional configuration of the solar wind streams strongly modulates the energetic particle distributions, illustrating the necessity of advanced models to understand these particle events.Peer reviewe
High-energy (> 40 MeV) proton intensity enhancements associated with the passage of interplanetary shocks at 1 au
We analyze periods with elevated >40 MeV proton intensities observed near Earth over a time span of 43 yr (1973-2016) that coincide with the passage of interplanetary (IP) shocks. Typically, elevated proton intensities result from large solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The IP shocks observed during these elevated-intensity periods may or may not be related to the origin of the SEP events. By choosing those cases when the shocks can be confidently associated with the solar eruption that generated the SEP event, we analyze the components of these SEP events that are localized in the vicinity of the shock (so-called 'energetic storm particles', ESPs), focusing on those events where the ESP component exceeds 40 MeV. We examine the interdependence of these high-energy ESPs with (i) the properties of the solar eruptions that generated the shocks and the SEP events, and (ii) the parameters of the shocks at their arrival at 1 au. The solar eruptions at the origin of the shocks producing >40 MeV proton ESP intensity enhancements are within ±50° longitude of central meridian and are associated with fast coronal mass ejections (plane-of-sky speeds ≳1000 km s−1). The ESP events with the largest >40 MeV proton intensity increases tend to occur when there are structures such as intervening IP coronal mass ejections and other unrelated shocks present in the solar wind through which the shock is propagating. Among the various local shock parameters considered, only the shock speed shows a certain degree of correlation with the observed ESP intensity increase
Studying the spheromak rotation in data-constrained CME modelling with EUHFORIA and assessing its effect on the Bz prediction
A key challenge in space weather forecasting is accurately predicting the
magnetic field topology of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs),
specifically the north-south magnetic field component (Bz) for Earth-directed
CMEs. Heliospheric MHD models typically use spheromaks to represent the
magnetic structure of CMEs. However, when inserted into the ambient
interplanetary magnetic field, spheromaks can experience a phenomenon
reminiscent of the condition known as the "spheromak tilting instability",
causing its magnetic axis to rotate. From the perspective of space weather
forecasting, it is crucial to understand the effect of this rotation on
predicting Bz at 1 au while implementing the spheromak model for realistic
event studies. In this work, we study this by modelling a CME event on 2013
April 11 using the "EUropean Heliospheric FORecasting Information Asset"
(EUHFORIA). Our results show that a significant spheromak rotation up to 90
degrees has occurred by the time it reaches 1 au, while the majority of this
rotation occurs below 0.3 au. This total rotation resulted in poor predicted
magnetic field topology of the ICME at 1 au. To address this issue, we further
investigated the influence of spheromak density on mitigating rotation. The
results show that the spheromak rotation is less for higher densities.
Importantly, we observe a substantial reduction in the uncertainties associated
with predicting Bz when there is minimal spheromak rotation. Therefore, we
conclude that spheromak rotation adversely affects Bz prediction in the
analyzed event, emphasizing the need for caution when employing spheromaks in
global MHD models for space weather forecasting.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement
(ApJS) serie
On the seed population of solar energetic particles in the inner heliosphere
Particles measured in large gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events are
believed to be predominantly accelerated at shocks driven by coronal mass
ejections (CMEs). Ion charge state and composition analyses suggest that the
origin of the seed particle population for the mechanisms of particle
acceleration at CME-driven shocks is not the bulk solar wind thermal material,
but rather a suprathermal population present in the solar wind. This
suprathermal population could result from remnant material accelerated in prior
solar flares and/or preceding CME-driven shocks. In this work, we examine the
distribution of this suprathermal particle population in the inner heliosphere
by combining a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the solar wind and a
Monte-Carlo simulation of particle acceleration and transport. Assuming that
the seed particles are uniformly distributed near the Sun by solar flares of
various magnitudes, we study the longitudinal distribution of the seed
population at multiple heliocentric distances. We consider a non-uniform
background solar wind, consisting of fast and slow streams that lead to
compression and rarefaction regions within the solar wind. Our simulations show
that the seed population at a particular location (e.g., 1 au) is strongly
modulated by the underlying solar wind configuration. Corotating interaction
regions (CIRs) and merged interactions regions (MIRs) can strongly alter the
energy spectra of the seed particle populations. In addition, cross-field
diffusion plays an important role in mitigating strong variations of the seed
population in both space and energy.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure
A Self-consistent simulation of proton acceleration and transport near a high-speed solar wind stream
Solar wind stream interaction regions (SIRs) are often characterized by energetic ion enhancements. The mechanisms accelerating these particles, as well as the locations where the acceleration occurs, remain debated. Here, we report the findings of a simulation of a SIR event observed by Parker Solar Probe at ~0.56 au and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory-Ahead at ~0.95 au in 2019 September when both spacecraft were approximately radially aligned with the Sun. The simulation reproduces the solar wind configuration and the energetic particle enhancements observed by both spacecraft. Our results show that the energetic particles are produced at the compression waves associated with the SIR and that the suprathermal tail of the solar wind is a good candidate to provide the seed population for particle acceleration. The simulation confirms that the acceleration process does not require shock waves and can already commence within Earth's orbit, with an energy dependence on the precise location where particles are accelerated. The three-dimensional configuration of the solar wind streams strongly modulates the energetic particle distributions, illustrating the necessity of advanced models to understand these particle events
Modelling two Energetic Storm Particle Events Observed by Solar Orbiter Using the Combined EUHFORIA and iPATH Models
By coupling the EUropean Heliospheric FORcasting Information Asset (EUHFORIA)
and the improved Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (iPATH)
model, two energetic storm particle (ESP) events, originating from the same
active region (AR 13088) and observed by Solar Orbiter (SolO) on August 31 2022
and September 05 2022, are modelled. While both events originated from the same
active region, they exhibited notable differences, including: 1) the August ESP
event lasted for 7 hours, while the September event persisted for 16 hours; 2)
The time intensity profiles for the September event showed a clear cross-over
upstream of the shock where the intensity of higher energy protons exceeds
those of lower energy protons, leading to positive (``reverse'') spectral
indices prior to the shock passage. For both events, our simulations replicate
the observed duration of the shock sheath, depending on the deceleration
history of the CME. Imposing different choices of escaping length scale, which
is related to the decay of upstream turbulence, the modelled time intensity
profiles prior to the shock arrival also agree with observations. In
particular, the cross-over of this time profile in the September event is well
reproduced. We show that a ``reverse'' upstream spectrum is the result of the
interplay between two length scales. One characterizes the decay of upstream
shock accelerated particles, which are controlled by the energy-dependent
diffusion coefficient, and the other characterizes the decay of upstream
turbulence power, which is related to the process of how streaming protons
upstream of the shock excite Alfv\'{e}n waves. Simulations taking into account
real-time background solar wind, the dynamics of the CME propagation, and
upstream turbulence at the shock front are necessary to thoroughly understand
the ESP phase of large SEP events.Comment: Accepted by A&A. 16 pages, 11 figure
Relativistic electron beams accelerated by an interplanetary shock
Collisionless shock waves have long been considered amongst the most prolific
particle accelerators in the universe. Shocks alter the plasma they propagate
through and often exhibit complex evolution across multiple scales.
Interplanetary (IP) traveling shocks have been recorded in-situ for over half a
century and act as a natural laboratory for experimentally verifying various
aspects of large-scale collisionless shocks. A fundamentally interesting
problem in both helio and astrophysics is the acceleration of electrons to
relativistic energies (more than 300 keV) by traveling shocks. This letter
presents first observations of field-aligned beams of relativistic electrons
upstream of an IP shock observed thanks to the instrumental capabilities of
Solar Orbiter. This study aims to present the characteristics of the electron
beams close to the source and contribute towards understanding their
acceleration mechanism. On 25 July 2022, Solar Orbiter encountered an IP shock
at 0.98 AU. The shock was associated with an energetic storm particle event
which also featured upstream field-aligned relativistic electron beams observed
14 minutes prior to the actual shock crossing. The distance of the beam's
origin was investigated using a velocity dispersion analysis (VDA).
Peak-intensity energy spectra were anaylzed and compared with those obtained
from a semi-analytical fast-Fermi acceleration model. By leveraging Solar
Orbiter's high-time resolution Energetic Particle Detector (EPD), we have
successfully showcased an IP shock's ability to accelerate relativistic
electron beams. Our proposed acceleration mechanism offers an explanation for
the observed electron beam and its characteristics, while we also explore the
potential contributions of more complex mechanisms.Comment: Main text: 6 pages, 2 figures. Supplementary material: 6 pages, 7
figure
Influence of Large-scale Interplanetary Structures on the Propagation of Solar Energetic Particles: The Multispacecraft Event on 2021 October 9
An intense solar energetic particle (SEP) event was observed on 2021 October 9 by multiple spacecraft distributed near the ecliptic plane at heliocentric radial distances R ≲ 1 au and within a narrow range of heliolongitudes. A stream interaction region (SIR), sequentially observed by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) at R = 0.76 au and 48° east from Earth (ϕ = E48°), STEREO-A (at R = 0.96 au, ϕ = E39°), Solar Orbiter (SolO; at R = 0.68 au, ϕ = E15°), BepiColombo (at R = 0.33 au, ϕ = W02°), and near-Earth spacecraft, regulated the observed intensity-time profiles and the anisotropic character of the SEP event. PSP, STEREO-A, and SolO detected strong anisotropies at the onset of the SEP event, which resulted from the fact that PSP and STEREO-A were in the declining-speed region of the solar wind stream responsible for the SIR and from the passage of a steady magnetic field structure by SolO during the onset of the event. By contrast, the intensity-time profiles observed near Earth displayed a delayed onset at proton energies ≳13 MeV and an accumulation of ≲5 MeV protons between the SIR and the shock driven by the parent coronal mass ejection (CME). Even though BepiColombo, STEREO-A, and SolO were nominally connected to the same region of the Sun, the intensity-time profiles at BepiColombo resemble those observed near Earth, with the bulk of low-energy ions also confined between the SIR and the CME-driven shock. This event exemplifies the impact that intervening large-scale interplanetary structures, such as corotating SIRs, have in shaping the properties of SEP events
EUropean Heliospheric FORecasting Information Asset 2.0
Aims: This paper presents a H2020 project aimed at developing an advanced space weather forecasting tool, combining the MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) solar wind and coronal mass ejection (CME) evolution modelling with solar energetic particle (SEP) transport and acceleration model(s). The EUHFORIA 2.0 project will address the geoeffectiveness of impacts and mitigation to avoid (part of the) damage, including that of extreme events, related to solar eruptions, solar wind streams, and SEPs, with particular emphasis on its application to forecast geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and radiation on geospace. Methods: We will apply innovative methods and state-of-the-art numerical techniques to extend the recent heliospheric solar wind and CME propagation model EUHFORIA with two integrated key facilities that are crucial for improving its predictive power and reliability, namely (1) data-driven flux-rope CME models, and (2) physics-based, self-consistent SEP models for the acceleration and transport of particles along and across the magnetic field lines. This involves the novel coupling of advanced space weather models. In addition, after validating the upgraded EUHFORIA/SEP model, it will be coupled to existing models for GICs and atmospheric radiation transport models. This will result in a reliable prediction tool for radiation hazards from SEP events, affecting astronauts, passengers and crew in high-flying aircraft, and the impact of space weather events on power grid infrastructure, telecommunication, and navigation satellites. Finally, this innovative tool will be integrated into both the Virtual Space Weather Modeling Centre (VSWMC, ESA) and the space weather forecasting procedures at the ESA SSCC in Ukkel (Belgium), so that it will be available to the space weather community and effectively used for improved predictions and forecasts of the evolution of CME magnetic structures and their impact on Earth. Results: The results of the first six months of the EU H2020 project are presented here. These concern alternative coronal models, the application of adaptive mesh refinement techniques in the heliospheric part of EUHFORIA, alternative flux-rope CME models, evaluation of data-assimilation based on Karman filtering for the solar wind modelling, and a feasibility study of the integration of SEP models
Measure-Based Inconsistency-Tolerant Maintenance of Database Integrity
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