THE OCCURRENCE OF NUTRITIONAL AND MANAGEMENT-RELATED DISEASES IN DAIRY SMALLHOLDING FARMS IN INDONESIA

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji aspek-aspek penting status kesehatan ternak dalam kaitannya dengan nutrisi dan manajemen peternakan dalam produksi susu pada peternakan sapi perah rakyat. Penelitian cross-sectional ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Boyolali, meliputi 50 peternakan yang dipilih secara acak, dengan 200 sapi peranakan Holstein laktasi. Data yang terkumpul meliputi produksi susu, komposisi pakan dan evaluasi klinis dianalisis dengan T-test menggunakan program SPSS, sedangkan aspek sosio-demografik yang diperoleh melalui wawancara personal dianalisis secara deskriptif berdasarkan Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa energi neto laktasi(NEL) bahan pakan dapat menghasilkan 13 l susu per hari. Campuran pakan kasar dan hasil ikutan pertanian cenderung lebih disukai dibandingkan dengan kombinasi bahan pakan lainnya (P=0,052). Terdapat ketidakserasian nisbah Ca:P (1:2) yang berdampak pada rendahnya produksi susu. Rendahnya kualitas bahan pakan memunculkan keseimbangan energi negatif yang menyebabkan gangguan metabolik. Ini ditunjukkan dengan prevalensi mastitis klinis sebesar 10,85% serta penyakit-penyakit nutrisional 34,8% dan pada kondisi tersebut bloat merupakan penyakit yang paling mematikan. Pemberian natrium khlorida (NaCl) sebanyak 0,91-3,17% dari bahan kering (BK) per hari tanpa diimbangi dengan konsumsi air yang memadai, mempengaruhi kejadian mastitis (P<0,05). Penyakit kulit terdeteksi pada 85,92% sapi-api terpilih, sementara 13% sapi-sapi dalam pengobatan helminthiasis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa kelebihan pemberian NaCl dan ketidakserasian nisbah Ca:P menimbulkan aras produksi susu yang rendah dan terjadinya penyakit pada sapi-sapi induk laktasi di tingkat petani peternak. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, diperlukan metode dan perangkat yang memadai untuk meningkatkan produksi susu, berbasis ketrampilan zooteknis petani peternak. Untuk itu diperlukan campur tangan pemerintah. Kata kunci: Peternakan rakyat, produksi susu, hasil ikutan pertanian, pakan, penyakit

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT SKILL ASPECT THROUGH COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRATEGY ON ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT LESSON FOR THE XIITH GRADE STUDENT AT DEPONTMENT OF AUDIO-VIDEO ENGINEERING IN SMK N 2 KLATEN

This research is development or increase of soft skills for student with cooperative learning strategy so that development process of soft skills can do in the study classroom, for example commitment, responsibility, cooperate, creativity and ethics. Beside that for knowing, what of soft skills with cooperative learning strategy can increase of soft skills for student compare with conventional method or discourse method in the study classroom can be doing by student XIIth class of 2 Klaten vocational high school. This research is Classroom Action Research execute at 2 Klaten vocational High school. Every cycle begin from planning, action, observation and reflection. Data analyst is doing to compare between the observation result of cycle I, Cycle II, and cycle III with qualitative description method which to clear with the mean of percent of soft skills who have a student. The result of the research is cooperative learning can be development of soft skills for student on commitment aspect, responsibility, cooperate, creativity and ethics with step that is group discussion and practice. The mean of soft skills who have student base observation at cycle I are 53,20 % (enough), Cycle II are 61,20 % (high) and cycle III are 64,80 % (high). While the observation result in soft skills aspect, is commitment aspect beginning at cycle I are 52 % (enough), cycle II are 63 % (high) and cycle III are 66 % (high). In the responsibility aspect beginning at cycle I are 53 % (enough), cycle II are 59 % (enough) and cycle III are 60 % (high), in the cooperate aspect beginning at cycle I are 55 % (enough), cycle II are 70 % (high) and cycle III are 71 % (high), in the creativity aspect beginning at cycle I are 53 % (enough), cycle II are 59 % (enough) and cycle III are 63 % (high), and in the ethics aspect beginning at cycle I are 53 % (enough), cycle II are 55 % (enough) and cycle III are 62 % (high), from of all observation result above, so can be said in general soft skills for student experiencing development with using cooperative learning strategy in the study classroom. Keyword : Cooperative Learning, soft skills, commitment, responsibility, cooperate, creativity and ethic

Epidemiologic Study on Nutrition and Management Related Diseases in Feeding Cattle Agricultural By-products

ABSTRACT The aim of study was to reveal the major facets animal health status as related to feeding, farming management, environment and animal production. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Boyolali region Central Java, involving 50 randomly selected farms covered 129 lactating FH cows, 15 FH heifers, 41 FH calves, 1 FH bull, 11 Ongole cows, 3 Ongole bulls. Information was obtained from personal interview with smalholder farmers, measeurement of milk yield and feedstuff given to animal, clinical evaluation and mastitis test (Bovivet®). The result showed that based on net energy for lactation (NEL) the feedstuff could only provide 6 l/day. The prevalence proportion was 10.85% for clinical mastitis, 34.8% was for nutritional diseases which bloat was the most frequent fatal occurrence. Skin diseases were attacking 85.92% of selected cows, while 13% of cows were in helminthiasis treatment. Although it was not significant different (P>0.05) utilization feedstuffs combination as related to milk production level of > 10 l/day. Governmental and non-governmental husbandry sector should cooperate in order to make progress and to help the farmers in decision making process to minimize risk factors. Keywords : smallholder farmer, milk production, agricultural-by-products, feeding regime, disease

Analisa regresi kelompok

ABS TRAK Analisa regresi kelompok adalah sebuah teknik statistik untuk membuat model dan menyelidiki hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih, dimana data yang tersaji dalam bentuk data yang dikelompokkan. Metode pengelompokan data dengan nilai rata-rata kelompok yakni data ash dikelompokkan dalam interval-interval atau kelompok-kelompok tertentu kemudian data ash dalam setiap kelompok digantikan dengan nilai rata-ratanya. Teknik analisa regresi menggunakan data kelompok pada dasarnya adalah perluasan dari teknik analisa dengan menggunakan data ash. Model regresi untuk data yang dikelompokkan memiliki variansi kesalahan acak tak konstan sehingga penaksiran koefisien regresi dengan metode GLS, dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan penaksir yang memiliki sifat BLUE. Penaksiran koefisien regresi dengan menggunakan data kelompok memiliki variansi koefisien regresi lebih besar dan pada uji signifikansinya memberikan analisa yang kurang peka dibandingkan dengan menguna.kan data ash. Selain itu juga tidak didapatkan sesatan murni pada model regr esi dengan data kelompok sehingga tidak dapat dilakukan pengujian kecocokan model, dan untuk mempertimbangkan model digunakan nilai koefisien dtenninasi

PENGARUH MUSIM TERHADAP STATUS MINERAL HIJAUAN DI LADANG TERNAK “BILA RIVER RANCH” SIDRAP SULAWESI SELATAN

Penelitian ini diakukan di ladang ternak “Bila River Ranch” Sidrap, Sulawesi Selatan, dengan tujuan mengkaji pengaruh musim terhadap status mineral hijauan. Sampel hijauan diambil dengan metode handplucked pada musim hujan akhir (bulan Agustus), musim kering (bulan Desember) dan musim hujan awal (bulan Mei). Variabel yang diukur adalah kadar mineral hijauan, meliputi kadar Fosfor (P), Kalsium (Ca), Magesium (Mg), Natrium (Na), Kalium(K), Cuprum/Tembaga (Cu) dan Seng (Zn). Analisis mineral hijauan dilakukan dengan spektrofotometri. Data yang terkumpul diolah secara statistik dengan analisis ragam dalam rancangan acak lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar P hijauan pada musim hujan akhir (0,05%) lebih rendah (P<0,01) daripada hijauan yang diambil pada musim kering (0,069%) dan musim hujan awal (0,070%), sedangkan kadar Ca (0,265%) lebih tinggi (P<0,01) daripada musim kering dan musim hujan awal (0, 1837 dan 0,1839%). Kadar Mg hijauan pada musim hujan akhir lebih tinggi (P<0,01) daripada musim kering dan musim hujan awal (0,275 vs 0, 160 dan 0, 243%). Kadar K hijauan pada musim hujan awal lebih tinggi (P<0,01) daripada musim kering dan musim hujan akhir (1,166 vs 0,956 dan 0,905%). Kadar Cu dan Zn hijauan pada musim hujan awal lebih tinggi (P<0,01) daripada kadar kedua mineral tersebut dalam hijauan pada musim kering dan musim hujan akhir (6,60 vs 4,42 dan 4,16 ppm untuk Cu serta 36,46 vs 29,82 dan 27,21 ppm untuk kadar Zn). Antara musim kering dan musim hujan akhir tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar Cu dan Zn yang nyata. Terdapat perbedaan pola variasi antar mineral yang ditimbulkan oleh perbedaan musim. Kata kunci: Musim, mineral, hijauan, ladang ternak ABSTRACT This investigation was conducted at “Bvelila River” Ranch, Sidrap, South Sulawesi to study the influence of season on forage mineral status. Forage sampling was conducted by handplucked method in late rainy season (August), Dry season (December) and early rainy season (May). The measured variables consist of forage minerals level, included of phosphor (P), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Natrium (Na), Kalium (K), Coper (Cu) and Zink(Zn). Forage mineral analyses were conducted by spectrophotometry. The collected data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) in completely randomize design (CRD). The result showed that forage P level in late rainy season (0.05%) was lower (P<0.01) than forage in dry season (0.069%) and early rainy season (0.070%), whereas the Ca level (0.265%) was higher (P<0.01) than that in dry season and early rainy season (0.1837 and 0.1839%, respectively). Forage Mg level in the late rainy season was higher (P<0.01) than that in dry and early rainy season (0.275 vs 0.160 and 0.243%). The forage K level I early rainy season was higher (P<0.01) than that in dry and late rainy season (1.166 vs 0.956 and 0.905%). Forage Cu and Zn level in early rainy season was higher (P<0.01) than those in dry and late rainy season (6.60 vs 4.42 and 4.16 ppm for Cu and 36.46 vs 29.82 and 27.21 ppm for Zn level). Between the dry season and late rainy season there were not significant difference in Cu and Zn levels. There were not difference in variation pattern between mineral by season difference. Key words: Season, mineral, forage, ranc

Effectiveness And Sustainability Of Baitul Mal Wat Tamwil Financing In The Development Of Micro-Enterprises In Central Java, Indonesia

The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness and sustainability of BMT financing in developing micro-enterprises. Specifically, this study provides an evidence of technical efficiency of BMTs in Central Java and the effectiveness, impact and social benefits of BMT financing. Using non-parametric data envelopment analysis (CCR and BCC models), it is found that technical efficiency of BMTs for the period 2002-2005 is relatively low. The scale efficiency indicates that BMTs operate far below the optimal scale (i.e., 67.00 percent, 78.40 percent, 74.30 percent, and 80.9 percent in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 respectively). The results also show that the gap in efficiency scores exist in both CCR and BCC models. It implies that BMTs use their inputs sub-optimally. Hence, under increasing return to scale, BMT can improve their performance by increasing their inputs; while under decreasing return to scale BMT can improve their performance by decreasing their inputs. The results suggest that BMT financing (Islamic financing) was effective in developing micro-enterprises. The results of paired sample t-test indicate that BMT financing was able to enhance business performance of micro-enterprises significantly by increasing business income, business profit, business asset and number of employees. In addition, the development of micro-enterprises also was able to reduce the rate of non-performing financing. The rate of non-performing financing is less than five percent. This indicates that micro-enterprises generally were able to develop their business so that they could repay the financing. The results suggest that selection process, business control, incentive system and good relationship construction (cooperation) constitute important factors in increasing the effectiveness of Islamic financing. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Islamic financing still can be improved by including non-performing financing control mechanism in the management system