Rumen Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Performance of Sheep Fed Tropical Browse Plants

The in vitro study was designed to evaluate total gas production, dry matter degradability (DMD), and VFA profile; while in vivo study was designed to evaluate nutrient intakes, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed native grass mixed with Calliandra calothyrrus (CC), Leucaena leucochepala (LL), Moringa oleifera (MO), Gliricidea sepium (GS), and Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH). The best three from the in vitro results were used to formulate diets in in vivo study. Sixteen male growing sheep (average BW 20 kg) were fed 100% native grass (NG) as control; 70% NG + 30% GS; 70% NG + 30% MO; and 70% NG + 30% AH. Nutrient consumptions, DMD, blood metabolites, and sheep performances were analyzed by using Completely Randomized Design. The in vitro results showed that the total gas production and DMD of CC and LL were the lowest (P<0.05) while the highest was found in GS, MO, and AH treatments (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the in vivo results showed that nutrient intakes (DM, CP, and CF) of GS and AH rations were the highest. The ADG, concentration of albumin, and globulin in all treatments were similar, while total serum protein, triglycerides, and glucose concentration in MO and AH rations were higher than others. Serum cholesterol concentration in MO ration was the lowest, meanwhile the concentration of IgG was the highest (P<0.05). Supplementation of 30% MO was the best choice for optimum rumen fermentation and maintaining health status of local sheep

Resistance of Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, and Cefotaxime in Poultry’s Escherichia coli

Beta-lactam antibiotics are important antibiotics that are widely used in the field of human and animal health. Ampicillin resistance has been widely reported. Another increase in resistance is 3rd generation cephalosporins. The purpose of this study was to compare the ampicillin resistance profiles in 2019 and 2021 in the same E. coli isolates and to determine the resistance profiles of ampicillin, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime in live chicken E. coli. The research stages were the preparation of isolates; culture on differential selective media and checking the uniformity of bacterial cell morphology; biochemical test; bacterial DNA extraction; uspA gene amplification; visualization of amplification results; manufacture of bacterial suspensions; Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion resistance test; measurement of inhibition zones and determination of isolate status; and compared the ampicillin resistance test data. All isolates were confirmed positive for E. coli. The uspA gene (884 bp) was detected in all isolates. Ampicillin resistance in 2019 and 2021 in the same E. coli isolates when compared, there was no difference. Resistance test showed E. coli was resistant to ampicillin (100%), ceftazidime (15.4%), and cefotaxime (64.5%). The conclusion of the study was that there was no difference between the ampicillin resistance in 2019 and 2021 in E. coli isolates. Escherichia coli in this study had the highest resistance profile to ampicillin, followed by cefotaxime, and the lowest was ceftazidime

Bacterial Protein Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae by SDS-page Method for Subclinical Mastitis Irradiated Vaccine Materials in Dairy Cattle

A study have been conducted to isolate and characterize bacterial protein S. agalactiae, which is antigenic and can be used to test immunogenicity of vaccine in order to manufacture irradiated mastitis (inflammation of the udder) vaccine in ruminant. The study aims to determine the Molecular Weight (MW) bacterial protein S. agalactiae irradiation, which can be used to test the nature of its antigenic caharacteristic. The character of S. agalactiae antigenic stimulates antibody induction of the immune system, in which case is the body's defense system against mastitis disease in cattle. In this study, irradiation of gamma ray is used to attenuate the pathogenicity of bacteria by reducing S. agalactiae antigenic caharacteristic. Previous research, in irradiation dose orientation before antigenic protein isolation of S. agalactiae, indicated that irradiation lethal dose to 50% (LD50) is 17 Gy. The characterization of S. agalactiae bacteria isolate using SDS-page method results in no significance different between irradiated and non-irradiated group, which indicated by MW range 75 – 100 kDa base on marker standard which used, or 99 kDa by the linier equation of Y = 11,60 – 0.05X (where Y = bands distance; X = MW standard protein); r2 = 0.99. In conclusion, 17 Gy irradiation dose does not impair antigenic property of S. agalactiae and therefore, can be applied to produce base material of irradiated vaccine for mastitis. Received: 04 May 2012; Revised: 27 November 2012; Accepted: 27 August 201

Phytochemical Profiles of Propolis Trigona Spp. from Three Regions in Indonesia Using GC-MS

This research was designed to determine the phytochemical components of the ethanol extract of propolis Trigona spp. using GC-MS. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twelve different compounds in ethanol extract of propolis Trigona spp. from South Sulawesi region. The main phytochemical compounds identified in propolis from South Sulawesi were octadecane (11.87%) and from twelve compounds identified only six compounds were reported to have biological activity. The ethanol extract of propolis Trigona spp. from South Kalimantan region indicated the presence of eight different bioactive compounds with highest peak area of 0.96% for tricosane, from eight compounds identified only three compounds were reported to have biological activity. The ethanol extract of propolis Trigona spp. from Banten region showed the presence of eight different bioactive compounds with highest peak area of 4.80% for nonacosane and from the eight compounds identified only five compounds were reported to have biological activity. This research confirmed that the existence of different bioactive compounds from each region of origin of propolis in Indonesia. Keywords: propolis Trigona spp., ethanol extract, phytochemical profile, GC-MS analysi

Amantadine resistance of clade 2.3.2 H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus from Waterfowl in Indonesia

The objective of this research was to know the sensitivity of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV from Indonesia to antiviral drug (amantadine) through molecular and in vitro tests. The study was conducted by virus isolation and identification, nucleotide analysis, and susceptibility to the amantadine hydrocloride in MDCK cells. The study result represented that the mean EID50 isolates of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV was determined of 108 EID50/ml. The analysis of phylogenetic tree of M2 gene from six viruses of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV from Indonesia were closed with H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV avian influenza viruses from Vietnam, China, Hongkong. The substitution of M2 protein (V27I) was identified in six isolates H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV isolated from Indonesia. Avian influenza of clade 2.3.2 H5N1 subtype from Indonesia produced the formation of CPE and the positive HA reaction with non-toxic concentration of amantadine hydrochloride in MDCK cells. The result of genetic analysis of M2 gene for amantadine resistance was related with the results of HA test and the formation of CPE in MDCK cells. These results established that amantadine resistance have been identified in H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV viruses isolated from Indonesi

Phenotypic and Genotypic Study of Antibiotics Resistance Profile in Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers in Cianjur, Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic of antibiotics resistance profile in Escherichia coli. The 30 samples come from cloacal swab of broilers in Cianjur, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of E. coli was performed by culture in McConkey agar, eosin methylene blue agar, Gram staining and five essential biochemical tests (IMViC). In this study, 10 isolates (33.3%) were confirmed E. coli positive. Phenotypic profile was performed by screening all isolates with 8 antibiotics of 6 antibiotic groups. The screening was carried by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method based on the standard of CLSI. For genotypic profile, each resistant isolate was detected antibiotic resistance-encoding gene. The result showed all isolates (100%) resistant against tetracyclin, oxytetracycline and erythromycin. Nine isolates (90%) detected nalidixic acid and enrofloxacin-resistant. The ciprofloxacin and gentamicin-resistant isolates were 70% and 40%, respectively. There was no resistant isolate for chloramphenicol. Multi drug-resistant was detected on 90% isolates. Only gyrA (100%) and tetA (80%) genes were detected. This study showed high rate of occurrence of antibiotic resistance in E. coli. Not all resistant isolates were detected in the antibiotic resistance-encoding gene in this study. Future research to detect resistance genes should use more varied target genes

Waktu Henti Antibiotik dan Faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada Peternakan Broiler di Bogor

Waktu henti antibiotik merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap residu antibiotik. Residu obat dalam unggas dan produk unggas menjadi perhatian karena membahayakan kesehatan masyarakat seperti berupa reaksi alergi dan hipersensitivitas, gangguan reproduksi, karsinogenisitas, nefropati, gangguan flora normal usus dan resistansi antibiotik. Peternak broiler yang memperhatikan waktu henti antibiotik baru sekitar separuhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu henti antibiotik pada broiler. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional study. Sampel penelitian diambil sebanyak 103 Rumah Tangga Peternak (RTP) dengan kriteria sampel adalah peternak yang menggunakan antibiotik dalam proses pemeliharaan broilernya. Data diambil menggunakan kuesioner dengan cara wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji korelasi dan uji t dengan taraf signifikan (α) sebesar 5 %. Hasil penelitian menemukan faktor yang berkorelasi secara signifikan terhadap waktu henti antibiotik adalah umur peternak dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah dan cukup, Lama bekerja dengan kekuatan korelasi yang cukup, dan jumlah kepemilikan broiler dengan kekuatan korelasi yang cukup. Waktu henti antibiotik secara rerata berbeda nyata berdasarkan pada faktor pengambil keputusan dan penggunaan kombinasi antibiotik. Pengambil keputusan yang dilakukan oleh peternak dan yang tidak menggunakan kombinasi antibiotik waktu henti antibiotiknya lebih panjang