Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture

A book chapter on small holder agricultural commercialization in Zimbabwe.Smallholder commercialization has been a long drawn out process in both the colonial and post-colonial period. Colonial rule in 1890 saw the emergence of the large-scale commercial farming sector, consisting of white settlers alongside a subsistence smallholder fanning sector composed of blacks. The white large-scale commercial fanning sector received unqualified government political and policy support to raise agricultural production and productivity, largely at the expense of the smallholder farming sector. This scenario persisted until the attainment of independence in 1980. The agricultural thrust of the majority rule government was to increase productivity in the smallholder sector while maintaining production on large-scale commercial farms. In this regard, the government focused on empowering smallholder farmers through research and extension, establishing marketing depots in communal areas, and providing favorable pricing policies to increase agricultural production. This policy thrust contributed to the agricultural revolution of the 1980s and 1990s. Smallholder farmers have transformed themselves from subsistence to commercial producers of a number of key agricultural enterprises over the last 20 year

Competitiveness of cassava-based ethanol production in Southern Africa: a case of Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia

Whereas the global economy has from time immemorial depended on fossil fuels, technological innovations are steadily paving ways to relieve pressure from the dwindling resources and combat the environmental consequences that come along with oil extraction and use. Production and use of bio-fuels such as ethanol and bio-diesel are among such innovations that are attracting attention both in developed and developing economies. Although Africa is the largest producer of cassava on the globe, the competitiveness of cassava based ethanol production in Africa has not be been adequately examined. This paper presents results of a feasibility study conducted in Angola, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia on the competitiveness of cassava based ethanol production. The results show that, relative to maize and sugarcane, the use of cassava in ethanol production is competitive on: (1) feed stock availability, 2) low production costs, and 3) high ethanol yield. Cassava has high yield potential of 6 – 40mt/ha compared to maize which yields about 1-3.5mt/ha. Hence less land would be required to grow the crop for ethanol production. Cassava production costs are low compared to sugarcane that requires huge (irrigation) infrastructure. Cassava yields up to16,000l ethanol per hectare compared to maize that yields about 800l/ha and sugarcane that yields about 7200l/ha. However, the study notes that conflict of use between food security needs and bio-fuel production need further understanding. The paper concludes that with large scale investment in cassava production, more research on high yielding cassava varieties and an enabling policy and institutional support, SADC countries would be able to venture into large scale cassava based ethanol production