Study to define and verify the personal oral hygiene requirements for extended manned space flight Annual report, 1 Jul. 1968 - 30 Jun. 1969

Astronaut oral hygiene requirements for extended manned space fligh

Rethinking leading: the directive, non-directive divide

There is a dearth of legal and psychological consideration of leading questions during the trial process. This article argues the current approach to leading questions does not assist or promote the accuracy of witness evidence. Witness here is taken to mean anyone giving oral testimony, whether for the prosecution, defence or indeed the defendant him or herself. We advance a revised definition of leading, differentiating between directive and non-directive questions. Directive questioning is the primary mischief to eliciting accurate witness testimony; we propose here its reform. Nondirective leading is of less concern and should be the leading form open to use in cross-examination

The role of account length in detecting deception in written and orally produced autobiographical accounts using reality monitoring

Reality monitoring lie‐detection studies, like others that use raw frequency counts as primary data, seem consistently to underestimate the influence of the length of (or number of words in) the account. The decisions as to whether to standardise or not, or what method of standardisation to use, are rarely empirically driven, so it is still unclear as to whether reality monitoring is more effective before or after standardisation for length. Another factor that also has received little attention in the reality monitoring literature is whether statements are produced orally or in written form. To investigate these issues, 42 autobiographical statements, 21 truthful, and 21 deceptive, including 22 oral and 20 written accounts, were analysed before and after word count standardisation. Results showed that reality monitoring criteria only discriminated significantly between truthful and deceptive accounts when no attempt to control for word count was made. Also, oral statements contained more evidence of reality monitoring criteria before standardisation for word count, whereas written statements were denser and contained more evidence of reality monitoring criteria after standardisation. Implications are discussed

The impact of cyberstalking: the lived experience - a thematic analysis.

Cyberstalking (CS) can have major psychosocial impacts on individuals. Victims report a number of serious consequences of victimization such as increased suicidal ideation, fear, anger, depression, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Research is largely limited to quantitative outcome research. This study examines the diversity of experiences reported by people who define themselves as having been cyberstalked. Thematic analysis was used to explore 100 CS victim narratives, gathered by means of an online survey questionnaire designed to capture structured text responses. Five emergent themes were evident in the data: control and intimidation; determined offender; development of harassment; negative consequences; and lack of support. Findings identify similarities and differences to traditional stalking, along with the necessity of support for victims and illustration of the negative impacts this form of harassment produces

Rethinking Leading: The directive, non-directive divide

There is a dearth of legal and psychological consideration of the leading question during the trial process. This article argues the current approach to the leading question does not assist or promote the accuracy of witness evidence, particularly witnesses likely to be affected by such questions: children. We advance a revised definition of leading, differentiating between directive and non-directive questions. Directive questioning is the primary mischief to eliciting accurate witness testimony; we propose its presumptive prohibition. Non-directive leading is of less concern and should be the leading form open to use in cross-examination.David Caruso, Jacqueline Wheatcroft and James Krumrey-Quin

A novel mouse model of in situ stenting

AIMS: Animal models of stenting are mostly limited to larger animals or involve substantial abdominal surgery in rodents. We aimed to develop a simple, direct model of murine stenting. METHODS AND RESULTS: We designed a miniature, self-expanding, nitinol wire coil stent that was pre-loaded into a metal stent sheath. This was advanced into the abdominal aorta of the mouse, via femoral access, and the stent deployed. In-stent restenosis was investigated at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days post-stenting. The model was validated by investigation of neointima formation in mice deficient in signalling via the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R1), compared with other injury models. Ninety-two per cent of mice undergoing the procedure were successfully stented. All stented vessels were patent. Inflammatory cells were seen in the adventitia and around the stent strut up to 3 days post-stenting. At 3 days, an early neointima was present, building to a mature neointima at 28 days. In mice lacking IL-1R1, the neointima was 64% smaller than that in wild-type controls at the 28-day timepoint, in agreement with other models. CONCLUSION: This is the first description of a successful model of murine in situ stenting, using a stent specifically tailored for use in small thin-walled arteries. The procedure can be undertaken by a single operator without the need for an advanced level of microsurgical skill and is reliable and reproducible. The utility of this model is demonstrated by a reduction in in-stent restenosis in IL-1R1-deficient mice

Enhancing memory with the liverpool interview protocol: Is an association with hypnosis a problem?

The Liverpool Interview Protocol (LIP) is a brief memory facilitation procedure designed for use in forensic investigative interviews. However, as the LIP techniques were derived from hypnotic investigative interviewing techniques, concern has been expressed by some senior police officers about a possible negative association with hypnosis. The aim of the present study was to address this concern by investigating not only the accuracy of the LIP in facilitating memory but whether witnesses receiving the LIP judged themselves, and observers judged the witnesses, to be hypnotized using the Long Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Depth. The results showed that the LIP increased correct memory for details of a crime incident, without increasing errors or inflating confidence, whilst being no more associated by witnesses or observers with the label of 'hypnosis' than a standard interview or a rapport condition. It is concluded that a negative association with hypnosis does not appear to be a particular issue with the LIP. It is also noted that the Cognitive Interview has yet to receive similar scrutiny. © 2014 British Society of Clinical and Academic Hypnosis Published by Crown House Publishing Ltd

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) operators’ accuracy and confidence of decisions: Professional pilots or video game players?

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) operations have outpaced current training regimes resulting in a shortage of qualified UAS pilots. Three potential UAS operator groups were explored for suitability (i.e. video game players [VGP]; private pilots; professional pilots) and examined to assess levels of accuracy, confidence and confidence-accuracy judgements (W-S C-A) during a simulated civilian cargo flight. Sixty participants made 21 decision tasks, which varied across three levels of danger/risk. Scales of Tolerance of Ambiguity, Decision Style and NEO-PIR were also completed. Professional pilots and VGPs exhibited the highest level of decision confidence, with VGPs maintaining a constant and positive W-S C-A relationship across decision danger/risk. As decision danger/risk increased, confidence, accuracy and W-S C-A decreased. Decision danger also had a role to play in the confidence expressed when choosing to intervene or rely on automation. Neuroticism was negatively related, and conscientiousness positively related, to confidence. Intolerance of ambiguity was negatively related to W-S C-A. All groups showed higher levels of decision confidence in decisions controlled by the UAS in comparison to decisions where the operator manually intervened. VGPs display less overconfidence in decision judgements. Findings support the idea that VGPs could be considered a resource in UAS operation

Measuring the meta and cognitive abilities of air defence operators

Introduction: This study aimed to understand more fully some factors that influence decision confidence and accuracy related to air defence. To investigate the metacognitive abilities of air defence operators a Within-Subjects Confidence-Accuracy (W-S C-A) measure was used. Specifically, therefore, this study investigated the impact of Decision Criticality (DC) and Task Stress (TS) on decision making, measures of confidence, accuracy, and the W-S C-A relation. Personality constructs, workload and situation awareness were also included. Method: Participants were allocated to either a high, moderate or low task stress condition. Each participant then took part in a computer generated air defence scenario where they were required to make various decisions and provide a confidence rating for each of those decisions. Confidence, accuracy and W-S C-A were calculated. Results & Discussion: DC impacted both on decision confidence and accuracy, with low DC increasing confidence in decisions and high DC increasing accuracy in decisions