26 research outputs found
Validation of daily growth increments and estimation of growth rates of larval and early juvenile black skipjack, Euthynnus lineatus, using otoliths
ENGLISH: Increments in otoliths (sagittae) were examined, using light and scanning electron microscopy, to determine ages and estimate growth rates of larval and early-juvenile black skipjack, Euthynnus lineatus. Larvae and juveniles were collected between 1987 and 1989 from coastal waters of Panama in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Results from a laboratory experiment indicated that immersion for 6 and 12 hours in a 200 mg/L solution of tetracycline hydrochloride adequately marks otoliths and that increments are formed daily in the sagittae of postflexion larvae and early juveniles. Further, survival rates of tetracycline-treated fish were not significantly different from those of control fish. Growth rates were derived from length-age relationships of 218 field-collected specimens ranging in size from 5.7 to 20.3 mm SL. A growth rate of 0.70 mm/d was estimated from the weighted regression of standard length on age for all specimens. This rate lies within the range reported for larvae and early juveniles of other species of subtropical and tropical scombrids. Growth rates of postflexion larvae and early juveniles were not significantly different between the rainy season in July-August 1988 and the dry, upwelling season in January-February 1989. Growth was, however, significantly more variable for older individuals in July-August than in January-February, and may correspond, in part, to seasonal patchiness of prey. The growth rates of the otoliths relative to fish length were also not significantly different between seasons; however, the otoliths were larger relative to the lengths of fish collected in the rainy season, which may reflect slower growth during earlier larval stages. SPANISH: Se examinaron incrementos en otolitos (ságitas), usando microscopia de luz y de barrido electrónico, a fin de determinar la edad y estimar las tasas de crecimiento de barriletes negros, Euthynnus lineatus, larvales y juveniles tempranos. Entre 1987 y 1989 se capturaron larvas y
juveniles en las aguas costeras de Panamá en el Océano Pacífico oriental. Los resultados de un experimento de laboratorio indicaron que una inmersión de 6 a 12 horas de duración en una solución de 200 mg/L de hidrocloro de tetraciclina marca los otolitos adecuadamente y que los incrementos se forman a diario en las ságitas de larvas en postflexión y juveniles tempranos. Además, las tasas de supervivencia de los peces tratados con tetraciclina no fueron significativamente diferentes a aquellas de los peces de control. Se calcularon las tasas de crecimiento a partir de las relaciones de talla-edad de 218 especímenes de TE entre 5.7 y 20.3 mm capturados en el mar. Se estimó.una tasa de crecimiento de 0.70 mm/día a partir de la regresión ponderada de talla estándar sobre edad para todos los especímenes. Esta tasa cae dentro del rango reportado para larvas y juveniles tempranos de otras especies de escómbridos subtropicales y tropicales. Las tasas de crecimiento de larvas en
postflexión y juveniles tempranos no fueron significativamente diferentes entre la temporada de lluvias en julio-agosto de 1988 y la temporada de sequía y afloramiento en enero-febrero de 1989. Sin emoargo, el crecimiento fue significativamente más variable para los individuos de mayor edad en julio-agosto que en enero-febrero, y quizás corresponda parcialmente a la irregularidad temporal de la abundancia de presas. Las tasas de crecimiento de los otolitos en relación a la talla de los peces tampoco fueron significativamente diferentes entre temporadas; sin embargo, los otolitos eran más grandes en relación a la talla en peces capturados en la temporada de lluvias, lo cual podría reflejar crecimiento más lento durante las etapas larvales más tempranas.
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Ontogenetic changes in cutaneous and branchial ionocytes and morphology in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae.
The development of osmoregulatory and gas exchange organs was studied in larval yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from 2 to 25 days post-hatching (2.9-24.5 mm standard length, SL). Cutaneous and branchial ionocytes were identified using Na+/K+-ATPase immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy. Cutaneous ionocyte abundance significantly increased with SL, but a reduction in ionocyte size and density resulted in a significant decrease in relative ionocyte area. Cutaneous ionocytes in preflexion larvae had a wide apical opening with extended microvilli; however, microvilli retracted into an apical pit from flexion onward. Lamellae in the gill and pseudobranch were first detected ~ 3.3 mm SL. Ionocytes were always present on the gill arch, first appeared in the filaments and lamellae of the pseudobranch at 3.4 mm SL, and later in gill filaments at 4.2 mm SL, but were never observed in the gill lamellae. Unlike the cutaneous ionocytes, gill and pseudobranch ionocytes had a wide apical opening with extended microvilli throughout larval development. The interlamellar fusion, a specialized gill structure binding the lamellae of ram-ventilating fish, began forming by ~ 24.5 mm SL and contained ionocytes, a localization never before reported. Ionocytes were retained on the lamellar fusions and also found on the filament fusions of larger sub-adult yellowfin tuna; however, sub-adult gill ionocytes had apical pits. These results indicate a shift in gas exchange and NaCl secretion from the skin to branchial organs around the flexion stage, and reveal novel aspects of ionocyte localization and morphology in ram-ventilating fishes
Temporal variation in growth of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae in the Panama Bight, 1990
Tuna larvae (at flexion, postflexion, and transformation
stages) were collected by dip net and light traps at night in the northwestern Panama Bight during the season of
reduced upwelling (June−September) of 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1997. The larvae were identified as yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) by mtDNA analysis. Ichthyoplankton data from
bongo and Tucker trawl tows were used to examine the potential prey abundance in relation to the mean
size-at-age and growth rates of the yellowfin tuna larvae and their otoliths. The most rapid growth rates occurred during June 1990 when plankton volumes were at their
highest levels. The lowest plankton volumes coincided with the lowest growth rates and mean sizes-at-age during the August−September 1991 period. High densities of larval fish
were prevalent in the ichthyoplankton tows during the 1991 period; therefore intra- and interspecific competition
for limited food resources may have been the cause of slower growth (density-dependent growth) in yellowfin
tuna larvae The highest mean seasurface temperature and the lowest mean wind stress occurred during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event during the 1997 period. There
appeared to be no clear association between these environmental factors and larval growth rates, but the higher temperatures may have caused an increase in the short-term growth of otoliths in rela
A review of IATTC research on the early life history and reproductive biology of scombrids conducted at the Achotines Laboratory from 1985 to 2005
English:
For nearly a century, fisheries scientists have studied marine fish stocks in an effort to understand how the
abundances of fish populations are determined. During the early lives of marine fishes, survival is
variable, and the numbers of individuals surviving to transitional stages or recruitment are difficult to
predict.
The egg, larval, and juvenile stages of marine fishes are characterized by high rates of mortality and
growth. Most marine fishes, particularly pelagic species, are highly fecund, produce small eggs and
larvae, and feed and grow in complex aquatic ecosystems. The identification of environmental or
biological factors that are most important in controlling survival during the early life stages of marine
fishes is a potentially powerful tool in stock assessment.
Because vital rates (mortality and growth) during the early life stages of marine fishes are high and
variable, small changes in those rates can have profound effects on the properties of survivors and
recruitment potential (Houde 1989). Understanding and predicting the factors that most strongly
influence pre-recruit survival are key goals of fisheries research programs.
Spanish:
Desde hace casi un siglo, los científicos pesqueros han estudiado las poblaciones de peces marinos en un
intento por entender cómo se determina la abundancia de las mismas. Durante la vida temprana de los
peces marinos, la supervivencia es variable, y el número de individuos que sobrevive hasta las etapas
transicionales o el reclutamiento es difícil de predecir.
Las etapas de huevo, larval, y juvenil de los peces marinos son caracterizadas por tasas altas de
mortalidad y crecimiento. La mayoría de los peces marinos, particularmente las especies pelágicas, son
muy fecundos, producen huevos y larvas pequeños, y se alimentan y crecen en ecosistemas acuáticos complejos. La identificación los factores ambientales o biológicos más importantes en el control de la
supervivencia durante las etapas tempranas de vida de los peces marinos es una herramienta
potencialmente potente en la evaluación de las poblaciones.
Ya que las tasas vitales (mortalidad y crecimiento) durante las etapas tempranas de vida de los peces
marinos son altas y variables, cambios pequeños en esas tasas pueden ejercer efectos importantes sobre
las propiedades de los supervivientes y el potencial de reclutamiento (Houde 1989). Comprender y
predecir los factores que más afectan la supervivencia antes del reclutamiento son objetivos clave de los
programas de investigación pesquera
Spawning and early development of captive yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
In this study we describe the courtship and spawning behaviors of captive yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), their spawning periodicity, the influence of physical and biological factors on spawning and hatching, and egg and early-larval development of this species at the Achotines Laboratory, Republic of Panama, during October 1996 through March 2000. Spawning occurred almost daily over extended periods and at water temperatures from 23.3° to 29.7°C. Water temperature appeared to be the main exogenous factor controlling the occurrence and timing of spawning. Courtship and spawning behaviors were ritualized and consistent among three groups of broodstock over 3.5 years. For any date, the time of day of spawning (range: 1330 to 2130 h) was predictable from mean daily water temperature, and 95% of hatching occurred the next day between 1500 and 1900 h. We estimated that females at first spawning averaged 1.6−2.0 years of age. Over short time periods (<1 month), spawning females increased their egg production from 30% to 234% in response to shortterm increases in daily food ration of 9% to 33%. Egg diameter, notochord length (NL) at hatching, NL at first feeding, and dry weights of these stages were estimated. Water temperature was significantly, inversely related to egg size, egg-stage duration, larval size at hatching, and yolksac larval duration
Genomewide association study for onset age in Parkinson disease
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Age at onset in Parkinson disease (PD) is a highly heritable quantitative trait for which a significant genetic influence is supported by multiple segregation analyses. Because genes associated with onset age may represent invaluable therapeutic targets to delay the disease, we sought to identify such genetic modifiers using a genomewide association study in familial PD. There have been previous genomewide association studies (GWAS) to identify genes influencing PD susceptibility, but this is the first to identify genes contributing to the variation in onset age.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Initial analyses were performed using genotypes generated with the Illumina HumanCNV370Duo array in a sample of 857 unrelated, familial PD cases. Subsequently, a meta-analysis of imputed SNPs was performed combining the familial PD data with that from a previous GWAS of 440 idiopathic PD cases. The SNPs from the meta-analysis with the lowest p-values and consistency in the direction of effect for onset age were then genotyped in a replication sample of 747 idiopathic PD cases from the Parkinson Institute Biobank of Milan, Italy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Meta-analysis across the three studies detected consistent association (p < 1 × 10<sup>-5</sup>) with five SNPs, none of which reached genomewide significance. On chromosome 11, the SNP with the lowest p-value (rs10767971; p = 5.4 × 10<sup>-7</sup>) lies between the genes <it>QSER1 </it>and <it>PRRG4</it>. Near the PARK3 linkage region on chromosome 2p13, association was observed with a SNP (rs7577851; p = 8.7 × 10<sup>-6</sup>) which lies in an intron of the <it>AAK1 </it>gene. This gene is closely related to <it>GAK</it>, identified as a possible PD susceptibility gene in the GWAS of the familial PD cases.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Taken together, these results suggest an influence of genes involved in endocytosis and lysosomal sorting in PD pathogenesis.</p
Candidate glutamatergic and dopaminergic pathway gene variants do not influence Huntington’s disease motor onset
Genetic monitoring for spawning ecology of captive Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) using mitochondrial DNA variation. Aquaculture 218:387–395
Abstract Mitochondrial DNA genotypes of captive broodstock of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) were compared with those of their offspring in order to monitor spawning frequency and periodicity. Among 38 broodstock individuals, 27 genotypes were observed, 18 of which established a single individual's identity. Spawned eggs and hatched larvae were collected on 48 sampling days over a period of 1 year. Among 538 eggs and larvae analyzed, 10 genotypes were observed; eight of them established a single female's identity, and two types were shared by two females. The spawning profiles of these females were determined by observing the occurrence of these genotypes in the offspring. Based on the dates when genotypes first occurred and on growth trajectories estimated for individual fish, the size of a female at first spawning was estimated to be 12 -28 kg and 75 -112 cm. Usually, multiple females spawned on a given date. The same genotypes were observed on almost any sampling day throughout the year. The results indicated that some individual females were capable of spawning almost daily for extended periods of time as long as they remained in the appropriate range of water temperatures and had sufficient food. Crown Copyright D 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Biochemical Changes Occurring in Yellowfin Tuna Eggs during Embryonic Development
Changes in nutritional constituents and enzyme activities were clarified in yellowfin tuna (YFT, Thunnus albacares) eggs during embryonic development, from eggs immediately after fertilization to hatching. The protein levels in the eggs gradually increased with development until the completion of hatching. In contrast, the triglyceride (TG) and free amino acid (FAA) levels in the eggs gradually declined with embryonic development until hatching was complete, although the energy composition of the FAAs was lower than that of the TGs throughout embryonic development. These results indicate that endogenous TGs are preferentially expended as an energy source during embryonic development. Overall, changes in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase showed similar patterns throughout development. First, the enzyme levels diminished; then, they remained at constant, low levels just before hatching, when they rapidly increased. This rapid increase was consistent with the protein content, suggesting that organ differentiation and functionalization were promoted during this period. These results will contribute to the establishment of mass-seeding production of YFT
Biochemical Changes Occurring in Yellowfin Tuna Eggs during Embryonic Development
Changes in nutritional constituents and enzyme activities were clarified in yellowfin tuna (YFT, Thunnus albacares) eggs during embryonic development, from eggs immediately after fertilization to hatching. The protein levels in the eggs gradually increased with development until the completion of hatching. In contrast, the triglyceride (TG) and free amino acid (FAA) levels in the eggs gradually declined with embryonic development until hatching was complete, although the energy composition of the FAAs was lower than that of the TGs throughout embryonic development. These results indicate that endogenous TGs are preferentially expended as an energy source during embryonic development. Overall, changes in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase showed similar patterns throughout development. First, the enzyme levels diminished; then, they remained at constant, low levels just before hatching, when they rapidly increased. This rapid increase was consistent with the protein content, suggesting that organ differentiation and functionalization were promoted during this period. These results will contribute to the establishment of mass-seeding production of YFT